Islam and Terrorism (25 page)

Ali ibn Abi Talib
—first cousin of Muhammad and one of his earliest converts; fourth caliph, selected as caliph after the murder of Uthman; one of the Righteous Caliphs

al-Jihad
—radical fundamentalist group established in Egypt that spread to many Muslim countries, such as Palestine and others

Allah
—the God of Islam

al Qaeda
—fundamentalist Islamic organization founded by Osama bin Laden and now led by Ayman al-Zawahiri

Anwar al-Sadat
—former president of Egypt; assassinated by radical Muslim fundamentalists on October 6, 1981

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
—chief Islamic leader of Iran from 1979 to 1989; returned to Iran in 1979 from exile in France after the shah fled Iran

Ayman al-Zawahiri
—leader of the al-Jihad; al Qaeda leader; on FBI’s Most Wanted Terrorist list

Battle of Badr
—First battle of Muhammad in which he defeated his rivals from Mecca at the Valley of Badr

Caliph
—title given to those who succeeded the prophet Muhammad as real or nominal ruler of the Muslim world, with all his powers except that of prophecy; from the Arabic word
khalifa
, literally meaning “one who replaces someone else who left or died”

el Kharij
—seventh-century Islamic movement calling for return to purity of faith

fatwa
—legal opinion

Gamal Abdel Nasser
—president of Egypt, 1956–1970

George Habash
—leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

hadith
—the reported sayings and actions of Muhammad recorded in six sets of books also known as
Sunnah

Hamas
—Islamic Resistance Movement located in Palestine

Hasan al-Turabi
—leader of the Sudanese fundamentalist Islamic organization al-Islamia

Hassan al-Banna
—founder and first leader of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement; assassinated by Egyptian police in 1949

Hassan Nasrallah
—Hizbollah leader

hijab
—a woman’s veil or head scarf

Hizbollah (also Hezbollah)
—“Party of God”; Lebanese Islamic party

Hosni Mubarak
—Egyptian president from 1981–2011; assumed office after the assassination of Anwar al-Sadat

Ibn Hisham
—early Islamic historian

Ibn Taymiyah
—thirteenth- and fourteenth-century scholar who called for a return to the ways of the “pious ancestors” (
al-salaf al-salih
)

imam
—an Islamic leader; usually in charge of a mosque

infidel
—one who rejects the teachings of Islam

Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
—North Africa’s first legal Islamic political party, first recognized by Algeria’s government in 1988; later split into a moderate group and a more militant wing called the Islamic Salvation Army

Jamaat-i-Islami (Islamic Society)
—fundamentalist Islamic organization of Pakistan

jihad
—holy war; fighting those who resist Islam

jizyah
—tax that must be paid by anyone who chooses to keep their own faith and not convert to Islam

Khaled al-Islambouli
—one of the convicted assassins of Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat

Mahmoud Nokrashy Pasha
—premier of Egypt assassinated by Muslim Brotherhood on December 28, 1948

Mawlana Abul Ala Mawdudi
—leader of the Jamaat-i-Islami of Pakistan

Mecca
—birthplace of Muhammad and place where he first received Quranic verses from the angel Gabriel; located in present-day Saudi Arabia

Medina
—originally called Yathrib; name of city was changed to Medina (“the Prophet’s city”) after Muhammad relocated there; located in present-day Saudi Arabia

Muammar Qaddafi
—Libyan leader

Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
—governor of Syria who opposed the selection of Ali as caliph after the murder of Uthman

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
—founder of the eighteenth century puritanical Wahhabi movement

Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
—shah of Iran at the time of the revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979

Muhammad
—Arab prophet and founder of Islam, born AD 570; the Westernized spelling is Mohammed

Muslim Brotherhood
—Islamic organization encompassing several nations and Islamic groups

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
—Turkish leader who abolished the Ottoman/Turkish caliphate system in 1922

Naguib Mahfouz
—winner of the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature; stabbed outside his home in Cairo in 1994

naskh
—system of Quranic interpretation where new verses override previous verses

Omar Abdel Rahman
—former leader of al-Jihad in Egypt, currently imprisoned in the United States for his involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing

Osama bin Laden
—suspected mastermind of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States; former leader of al Qaeda; killed by US forces on May 2, 2011

People of the Book
—Jews and Christians, so named in the Quran

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
—progressive working-class party of Palestine, guided by Marxism and Leninism

Quran
—the Islamic holy book

Quraysh
—powerful governing tribe of Mecca at the time of Muhammad’s birth; Muhammad’s father, a trader named Abdullah, was a member of this tribe

Ramadan
—the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, during which a daily fast is observed from dawn until sunset

Saddam Hussein
—Iraqi political leader, president of Iraq 1979–2003

Salman Rushdie
—Writer of
The Satanic Verses,
which caused the Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a
fatwa
sanctioning his death

Sayyid Qutb
—Egyptian author and philosopher whose writings were banned by Egyptian government; he was arrested and sentenced to death in 1965 and executed in 1966

Sharia
—Islamic law regarding the duties of Muslims toward Allah presented by Quran and hadith

sheikh
—term of reverence for an ordained religious leader in Islam

Shiite
—Islamic sect; followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the successor of Muhammad

Shokri Ahmad Moustafa
—popular Islamic movement leader in Egypt; executed by the government in 1977

Sunni
—Islamic sect; followers of Umar ibn al-Khattab as the successor of Muhammad

Surah
—a chapter of the Quran

Taliban
—Islamic fundamentalist group of Afghanistan

Uhud
—hill where famous battle was fought by Muhammad and his new converts against Arabs who rejected the call of Islam

Umar ibn al-Khattab
—second caliph assassinated in AD 644 by a Persian slave bent on avenging the conquest of his people

Uthman ibn Affan
—third successor of Islam

Wahhabi
—eighteenth-century puritanical movement that in time became the official creed of the Saudi dynasty; adherents observed literalism and strict observance of Muslim rituals

Yasser Arafat
—chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) until his death in 2004

Yathrib
—ancient name of the city of Medina; name changed to Medina (“the Prophet’s city”) after Muhammad relocated there

Yazid
—son of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B
OOKS
P
UBLISHED IN
A
RABIC

Abdul-Majed, Assim and Najeh Ibrahim.
The Constitution of the Islamic Jihad.
Cairo, Egypt: Al Jemaah al-Islamiya, 1984. (The authors wrote this book while in prison.)

Al-Banna, Hassan.
Wednesday Dialogue
. Cairo, Egypt: Manshurat ad-Dawa [Literature of Evangelism], 1979.

Al-Masry, Ebn Eyas.
Al-Nejum Al-Zaharah [The Bright Stars]
. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al Nahadah [House of Revival], 1972.

Al-Nadawy, Abu al-Hasan.
The Struggle Between Eastern and Western Ideology.
Lucknow, India: Academy of Islamic Research, 1977.

Al-Salem, Mohammed Abed.
Al-Fareda Al-Gaaba [The Missing Commitments]
. Cairo, Egypt: Tanzim al-Jihad [The Jihad Movement], 1979.

Al-Tobari, Ebn Garir.
The History of the Prophet and the Kings
. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fiq [House of Thought], 1987. (This is the oldest Islamic history book.)

Commentaries on the Quran written by the following authors: Al-Alussi, Ibn Kathir, Al-Zamakshary, Al-Bidawy. All published by Almoktar al-Islami in Cairo, Egypt.

El-Rahman, Aisha Abd.
The Wives of the Prophet
. Morocco: Dar El Hilal, 1971.

Foda, Farag.
Terrorism
. Cairo, Egypt: Sinai Publishing, n.d.

The Hadith (six series of books) published by Almoktar al-Islami, Cairo, Egypt. The authors of these book series include: Sahih al-Bukhari and al-Korashi.

Hamooda, Adel.
Sayyid Qutb: From the Village to the Gallows
. Cairo, Egypt: Sinai Publishing, 1987. (Hamooda is an Egyptian author who specializes in books about Islamic terrorism.)

–––––.
The Road to Violence
(a book about Shokri Moustafa). Cairo, Egypt: Sinai Publishing, 1987.

–––––.
Bombs and the Quran: The Story of Jihad Fundamentalist Groups
. Cairo, Egypt: Sinai Publishing, 1989.

Huwaody, Fahmi.
Hata la-Takon-Fitnah [Preventing Conflict]
, 2nd ed. Cairo, Egypt: Dar el-Shorouk, 1989.

Ibn Taymiyah.
The Greatest Fatwa
. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Qutub [House of Books], 1987.

Imara, Mohammed.
Mawdudi and the Islamic Revival
. Cairo, Egypt: Dar el-Shorouk, 1987.

Mawdudi, Mawlana Abul Ala.
The Islamic Government
. Cairo, Egypt, 1980.

Moustafa, Shokri.
Al-Kalafa [The Leader]
. Cairo, Egypt: Al-Takfir Wal-Hijra [Come Out From the Apostates], n.d.

Qutb, Sayyid.
In the Shadow of the Quran
(a commentary on the Quran). Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
Signs Along the Road
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
This Religion
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
Social Justice in Islam
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
The Picture of Arts in the Quran
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
Our War With the Jews.
Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
The Future of This Religion
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

–––––.
Establishing Islamic Society
. Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon: Dar el-Shorouk International, n.d.

Serea, Salah.
El-Tawaseemat [Expectation]
. Cairo, Egypt: self-published by Salah Serea, 1973.

Shalaby, Ahmed.
The Islamic Encyclopedia
, Cairo edition. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Nahada [House of Revival], 1982.

–––––.
The Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization
, Cairo edition. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Nahada [House of Revival], 1982.

–––––.
Islam and the World
. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Nahada [House of Revival].

–––––.
The War in Kuwait
. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Nahada [House of Revival].

–––––.
The Jews in Darkness
. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Nahada [House of Revival].