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Authors: Anne Applebaum

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35.
AdK ABK,
Max Lingner
, VI.A.124.

36.
Günter Feist, with Eckhart Gillen,
Stationen eines Weges: Daten und Zitate zur Kunst und Kunstpolitik der
DDR
1945

1998
(Berlin, 1988), p. 24.

37.
AdK ABK,
Max Lingner
, exhibition catalogue.

38.
Wanda Telakowska,
Twórczość
Ludowa w Nowym Wzornictwie
(Warsaw, 1954), p. 5.

39.
David Crowley, “Building the World Anew: Design in Stalinist and Post-Stalinist Poland,”
Journal of Design History
7, 3 (1994).

40.
Lou Taylor, “The Search for a Polish National Identity, 1945–68,” unpublished manuscript in the collection of the Polish National Museum.

41.
AAN, Ministerstwo Kultury, no. 321.

42.
Krystyna Czerniewska and Tadeusz Reindl, eds., “Sztuka dla Zycia: Wspomnienia o Wandzie Telakowskiej,”
Biblioteka Wzornictwa
10, 88, pp. 11–12.

43.
Conversations with Anna Fr˛ackiewicz, curator of decorative arts, Polish National Museum, November 2007; Krystyna Czerniewska, “To Oni Tworzyly Wzornictowo,” unpublished manuscript in the collection of the Polish National Museum.

44.
These designs form the basis of the Polish National Museum’s enormous modern design collection, much of which is in semipermanent storage.

45.
Aleksander Wojciechowski,
O Sztuce Użytkowej i Użytecznej
(Warsaw, 1955), p. 65.

46.
Quoted in Piotr Majewski, “Jak zbudować ‘Zamek socjalistyczny,’ ”
Zbudować Warsaw˛e
Piekn˛e
:
O Nowy Krajobraz Stolicy
1944

1956
(Warsaw, 2003), p. 33.

47.
Interview with Alexander Jackowski, Warsaw, May 15, 2007.

48.
Bolesław Szmidt, ed.,
The Polish School of Architecture,
1942

1945
(Liverpool, 1945), pp. 85–95, 186–88.

49.
Majewski, “Jak zbudować ‘Zamek socjalistyczny,’ ” p. 36.

50.
Bolesław Bierut
, Sześcoletni Plan Odbudowy Warszawy: Refereat Na Konferencji Warszawskiej
PZPR
w dniu
3
lipca,
1949
g
(Warsaw, 1949), pp. 20–21.

51.
Krzystof Mordinski, “Marzenia o idealnym mieście—Warszaw socrealistyczna,”
Spotkania z Zabytkami
9, 226, pp. 3–8.

52.
The designs were published for public consumption in a heavy, luxurious album:
Sześcioletni Plan Odbudowy Warszawy
(Warsaw, 1950).

53.
Anders Åman,
Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe During the Stalin Era
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 49.

54.
Waldemar Baraniewski, “Mi˛edzy opresj˛a a oboj˛etności˛a. Architektura w polsko-rosyjskich relacjach w XX wieku,” available at
http://www.culture.pl/pl/culture/artykuly
.

55.
Edmund Goldzamt,
William Morris: A Geneza Spoteczna Architektury Nowoczesnej
(Warsaw, 1967).

56.
Teresa Torańska,
Oni:
Stalin’s Polish Puppets,
trans. Agnieszka Kołakowska (London, 1988), pp. 306–7.

57.
Konrad Rokicki, “Kłopotliwe Dar: Pałac Kultury I Nauki,”
Zbudować Warsaw˛e
Piekn˛e
:
O Nowy Krajobraz Stolicy (1944–1956)
(Warsaw, 2003), pp. 107–15.

58.
Bierut,
Sześcoletni Plan
, pp. 20–21.

59.
David Crowley,
Warsaw
(London, 2003), p. 54.

60.
Conversation with Fr˛ackiewicz.

61.
Quoted in Wojciechowski,
O Sztuce U
˙
zytkowej i U
˙
zytecznej
, p. 71.

62.
Ibid.

63.
Interview with Jackowski.

64.
See, for example,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI3jZtruxvA
.

65.
Mira Liehm and Antonin J. Liehm,
The Most Important Art: East European Film After
1945
(Berkeley, 1977).

66.
SNL, Historic Interview Collection: interview with István Szőts, by Sándor Csoóri and Gábor Hanák, December 8, 1988.

67.
Gábor Szilágyi,
Tűzkeresztség, A magyar játékfilm története
1945

1953
(Budapest, 1992), p. 219.

68.
Vsevolod Pudovkin and András Kovács, eds.,
Pudovkin a magyar filmről
(Budapest, 1952), pp. 46, 61, 62.

69.
SNL, interview with Szőts.

70.
MNFA, Ke 34/10a.

71.
Ibid., Ke 34/7.

72.
Szilágyi,
Tűzkeresztség
, pp. 233–36.

73.
Ibid., p. 234.

74.
SNL, interview with Szőts.

75.
Interview with Andrzej Wajda, Warsaw, May 14, 2009.

76.
Jan Ciechowicz and Zbigniew Majchrowski,
Od Shakespeare’a Do Szekspira
(Warsaw, 1993), pp. 24–25.

77.
A Generation
(1955) was already a post-Stalinist movie, as was
Ashes and Diamonds
(1958).
Mephisto
appeared much later, in 1981, by which time obvious allusions to Stalinist terror did not prevent a film from being made or shown.

78.
Wisława Szymborska, “Ten Dzień,”
˙Zycie Literackie
11, 61 (March 15, 1953).

79.
Interview with Ágnes Heller, Budapest, June 2, 2009.

15. Ideal cities

1.
Urszula Ciszek-Frankiewicz,
O Nowej to Hucie: Ballady i Wiersze
(Kraków, 1994).

2.
Sándor Horváth, “Alltag in Sztálinváros,” in Christiane Brenner and Peter Heumos, eds.,
Sozialgeschichtliche Kommunismusforschung Tschechoslowakei, Polen, Ungarn und
DDR
1948

1968
(Munich, 2005), p. 512.

3.
This section is based on interviews with Júlia Horváth and Elek Horváth, Budapest, June 30, 2009, and Zsófia Tevan, Budapest, June 4, 2009.

4.
István Horváth, ed.,
Dunaferr: Dunai Vasmu Kronika
(Dunaújváros, 2000), pp. 31–33.

5.
Andreas Ludwig,
Eisenhüttendstadt: Wandel einer industriellen Gründungsstadt in fünfzig Jahren
(Potsdam, 2000), pp. 53–54.

6.
Interview with Stanisław Juchnowicz, Krakow, June 19, 2007; and
Idealnego
, catalogue of the Wydawnicze Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa (Kraków, 2006), p. 26.

7.
Tadeusz Golaszewski,
Kronika Nowej Huty
(Kraków, 1955), pp. 34–35; see also
Nowa Huta: Architektura I tworcy miasta,
exhibition of the Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa, Nowohucki Odzial.

8.
Interview with Juchnowicz.

9.
Herbert Nicolaus and Lutz Schmidt,
Einblicke:
50
Jahre
EKO
Stahl
(Eisenhüttenstadt, 2000), p. 47.

10.
Jenny Richter, Heike Förster, and Ulrich Lakemann,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt: Von der Utopie zur Gegenwart
(Marburg, 1997), pp. 18–22.

11.
Conversation with Dr. Herbert Nikolaus, EKO archivist, Eisenhüttenstadt, March 5, 2007; Ludwig,
Eisenhüttendstadt
, pp. 28–30; and interviews with Andreas Ludwig, Berlin, December 6, 2006, and Axel Drieschner, Berlin, March 5, 2007.

12.
Golaszewski,
Kronika Nowej Huty
, pp. 29–31.

13.
Conversation with Leszek Sibila, Nowa Huta branch of the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków, June 19, 2007, Nowa Huta.

14.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, p. 14; and interview with Juchnowicz.

15.
Simone Haine, ed.,
Reise nach Moskau
(Berlin, 1995), pp. 45–53.

16.
Ludwig,
Eisenhüttendstadt
, pp. 44–50.

17.
Interview with Juchnowicz.

18.
Conversation with Márta Matussné Lendvai, director of the Intercisa Museum, Dunaújváros, May 19, 2009; and Sándor Horváth,
A kapu es a hatar: mindenapi Sztálinváros
(Budapest, 2004), pp. 14–16.

19.
Dagmar Semmelmann,
“Man war total entwurzelt und musste erst wieder Wurzeln schlagen”: Zur Integration von Flüchtlingen und Vertriebenen in der
SBZ/DDR
aus lebensgeschichtlicher Sicht—dargestellt am Sonderfall Eisenhüttenstadt
(oral history, published on CD, 2005), p. 82.

20.
OSA, 206-1-1:3.

21.
Horváth,
A kapu es a hatar
, pp. 35–36.

22.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, pp. 32–33.

23.
Kurt W. Leucht,
Die erste neue Stadt in der
DDR
(Berlin, 1957), pp. 79–83.

24.
OSA, 206-1-1:3.

25.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, pp. 33–35.

26.
Interview with Kollár-Horváth.

27.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, p. 33.

28.
Interview with Tevan.

29.
Ambrus Borovszky memoirs, Dunaferr company archives.

30.
Interview with Juchnowicz.

31.
Horváth,
A kapu es a hatar
, pp. 158–72.

32.
Interview with Karl Gass, Kleinmachnow (Berlin), May 7, 2008.

33.
Nicolaus and Schmidt,
Einblicke
, pp. 54–55.

34.
Tadeusz Konwicki,
Przy Budowie
(Warsaw, 1950).

35.
AdK ABK, Nerlinger Collection, folder 141; also, conversation with Petra Ulhmann and Michael Krejsa, Berlin, December 5, 2008.

36.
SAPMO-BA, DY 30/IV 2/9.06/175.

37.
AdK ABK, Nerlinger Collection, folder 79.

38.
Ibid., folders 79, 141.

39.
Ibid., folder 79.

40.
Günter Feist with Eckhart Gillen,
Stationen eines Weges: Daten und Zitate zur Kunst und Kunstpolitik der
DDR
1945

1998
(Berlin, 1988), p. 29.

41.
AdK ABK, Nerlinger Collection, folder 103.

42.
Horváth,
A kapu es a hatar
, p. 32.

43.
Horváth, “Alltag in Sztálinváros,” pp. 517–18.

44.
Polish census data, numbers rounded.

45.
Mark Pittaway, “Creating and Domesticating Hungary’s Socialist Industrial Landscape: From Dunapentele to Sztálinváros, 1950–1958,”
Historical Archaeology
  39, 3, Landscapes of Industrial Labor (2005), p. 84.

46.
Interview with Józef Tejchma, Warsaw, June 14, 2007; also Józef Tejchma,
Po˙zegnanie z władz˛a
(Warsaw, 1997), and Józef Tejchma
, Z notatnika aktywisty
ZMP
(Warsaw, 1954).

47.
Ryszard Kapuściński, “To tez jest prawda o Nowej Hucie,”
Sztandar Młodych
234 (September 30, 1955).

48.
Horváth,
A kapu es a hatar
, pp. 40–52.

49.
Ibid., pp. 22–24.

50.
Nicolaus and Schmidt,
Einblicke
, pp. 56–58.

51.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, p. 31.

52.
Interview with Tevan.

53.
Richter et al.,
Stalinstadt—Eisenhüttenstadt
, p. 14.

54.
Ferenc Erdős and Zsuzsanna Pongrácz,
Dunaújváros története
(Dunaújváros, 2000), pp. 255–56.

55.
Márta Matussné Lendvai, “… a nagy Sztálinról nevezhessük el,”
Árgus
(January 1995), pp. 70–74.

56.
Nicolaus and Schmidt,
Einblicke
, pp. 65–71.

57.
Leucht,
Die erste neue Stadt in der
DDR
, p. 86.

58.
Interview with Tevan.

59.
Reprinted in the Dutch architectural magazine
Volume
, available at
http://volumeproject.org/volume/2009/00/00/Industrialised+Building+Speech%2C+1954/7783
.

60.
Ludwig,
Eisenhüttendstadt
, p. 52.

61.
Ibid., p. 52.

62.
Text available at
http://hamlet.pro.e-mouse.pl/teksty/?id=po1939&idu=006
; translation is my own.

16. RELUCTANT COLLABORATORS

1.
Interview with Herta Kuhrig, Berlin, November 21, 2006.

2.
Available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVq8_gRXlpg
.

3.
Volker Müller,
 
“Es ist so viel Blut umsonst geflossen,” 
Berliner Zeitung
, January 26, 2001, p. 11.

4.
Interview with Jerzy Morawski, Warsaw, June 7, 2007.

5.
Interview with Colonel Ludwik Rokicki, Warsaw, May 25, 2006.

6.
Interview with Jacek Fedorowicz, Warsaw, March 25, 2009.

7.
Anna Bikont and Joanna Szczesna,
Lawina i Kamienia: Pisarze wobec Komunizmu
(Warsaw, 2006), pp. 103–12.

8.
See
http://fotoforum.gazeta.pl/72,2,746,68832222,74666403.html
. The Picasso Warsaw “mermaid” now appears on T-shirts and coffee mugs.

9.
György Majtényi, “Őrök a vártán. Uralmi elit Magyarországon az 1950-es, 1960-as években,” in Sándor Horváth, ed.,
Mindennapok Rákosi és Kádár korában
(Budapest, 2008), p. 289.

10.
Joel Agee,
Twelve Years: An American Boyhood in East Germany
(Chicago, 2000), p. 125.

11.
OSA, 300/50/6, folders 35, 42, 43.

12.
BStU MfSZ, 5960/60, p. 130.

13.
Jacek
Kuroń
,
Kuroń: Autobiografia
(Warsaw, 2009) (see
http://www.krytykapolityczna.pl/Autobiografia/Awans-spoleczny-i-odbudowa/menu-id-232.html
).

14.
Interview with Wolfgang Lehmann, Berlin, September 20, 2006.

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