Invisible Chains (45 page)

Trompetter, Sherilyn,
5
–
6
,
109
–
10

truck stops, as recruitment spot,
95

Truth in Sentencing Act,
129

T-visa,
206

U

Ukraine, child sex trade in,
41
–
42

UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child
,
21

UN Interagency Program,
177

UN Protocol Against Trafficking in Persons
,
124

Underground Railroad,
6
,
217

United Kingdom

and child trafficking,
39

co-operation with Belgium,
198

and illegal migrants,
198

United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
,
10

United States

best practices,
210

case management for victims,
206

and child sex offenders,
196

and child sex tourism,
193

combatting human Trafficking in,
205
–
10

criminal charges in,
xix
,
206
–
7
,
208
–
9

and cross-border smuggling,
47
–
54

as destination country,
48
,
49

human Trafficking in,
10

initiatives against human Trafficking,
208
–
9

task forces in human Trafficking,
207
–
8

Trafficking law enforcement,
52

as transit country,
49

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
206
,
209

U.S. Department of Justice,
87

U.S. Department of State,
194

U.S. Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center,
183

U.S. Human Trafficking Task Forces,
226

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
183
,
193
,
227

U.S. State Department,
136

and cross-border smuggling,
48
,
49

Urban Heat Music,
59
,
60
,
125
,
126

V

Vancouver

child sex abuse in,
17
–
18

and cross-border smuggling,
51

labour exploitation in,
172
–
73

sex trade in,
59

Vancouver Police Department,
59
,
103
–
4
,
157

and child smuggling,
51
–
52

Vice Unit,
58
,
85
,
140

Vancouver Prostitution Offender Program,
189

Vancouver Rape Relief,
95
,
191

vehicles, seizure of johns',
185
–
86

victims.
See also
recruitment and control

methods

blaming of,
158

breaking bond with traffi cker,
85
–
86

Canadian,
52
–
54
,
53
–
56

case management,
206

characteristics,
35
–
36
,
82
–
83

child,
203
,
208
–
9

as commodities,
116
–
17

control of,
141
–
42

co-operation of,
142
,
204

criminalization of,
142

deportation,
3
,
4
,
50
,
104
,
110
,
131
,
143
,
145
,
171
,
176

distrust of help,
84

effect of abuse on,
27
–
28
,
31

employment support,
153

escape attempts,
xvi
,
6
,
12
,
13
,
31
,
43
,
52
,
67
,
79
,
88
–
89
,
103
,
106
,
109
–
10
,
176

fear for safety provision,
137
,
138
,
176
,
199

fi nancial support for,
152
–
53

First Nations, vulnerability,
95
–
96

foreign,
143
–
45
,
151
,
152
,
157
,
173
–
74

as guilty party,
133

health care,
150
–
51

identifying,
203
–
4
,
208
–
9
,
234
–
35

interviewing of,
142

johns' family as,
158
–
59

lack of social networks,
87

legal aid for,
151
–
52

loyalty to traffi ckers,
84

onus on in prosecutions,
137
–
38

proposed treatment of,
223
–
24

protection of,
148
–
49
,
199
–
200

refugee status,
146
–
48
,
152

repatriation of,
149

rights of,
146

safe houses for,
149
–
50

self-esteem,
80
,
160

sources of for human Trafficking,
36

statement in court,
127

support for,
148
–
53

temporary residence permits,
108
,
110
,
143
–
45
,
147
–
48
,
150
–
52
,
153

traffi ckers identifying,
58

trauma bonds,
84
,
85

treatment by Canada and provinces,
99
–
104
,
106
–
8

treatment for,
42

violence against,
142
–
43
,
163

vulnerability,
35
,
61

women as,
33

Victoria, sex trade in,
71
–
72

Victoria Police Service,
72

Vilutis, Vytautas,
76
,
82
,
116
,
127

violence

as method of control,
61
,
70
,
78

and prostitution,
215

prostitution as,
213

as sign of victimization,
142
–
43

Viozzi, Mike,
114
,
117

visa policies, monitoring of by traffi ckers,
50

vocational training programs, in Italy,
202
–
3

W

Walk with Me,
102

websites, use of in identifying sex

offenders,
222

Wellness Centre,
2
,
102

Wilberforce, William,
6
,
238
,
240

Wilkins, Bob,
4

Wilson, Hilary,
98

Winberg, Margareta,
214

Winnipeg Police Service,
186

WiredSafety,
73

Witness Protection Program,
206

Wolf Pack,
165

women

First Nations, vulnerability,
95
–
96

as Trafficking victims,
33

women's shelters,
88
,
149

in Italy,
202

Wrenshall, John,
193

Y

Yelena (Russia),
86
–
87

Young, Alan,
20

Youthography,
72

Z

Zhang, Sheldon X.,
34