Invisible Chains (41 page)

I am fortunate to have been able to work with some exceptional people over the last decade on this issue, including Monte Solberg, Shuvaloy Majumdar, and Sabrina Sullivan, to name but a few. While this book was still being written, I began to work with others to address some of the pressing problems that it identifies. MP Joy Smith has been a national leader in fighting human trafficking in Canada. She quickly took up the task of courageously spearheading Bill C-268, a private member's bill to toughen sentences for child trafficking. Joel Oosterman, her chief of staff, and Senator Yonah Martin (who sponsored the bill in the Senate) helped build a remarkable coalition both in Parliament and among average Canadians in support of this legislation. The way they cut through the politics of Ottawa to have this important law enacted has kept my idealism alive.

At times, this project was very personally difficult. Investigating the cruelty and injustice of human trafficking on a daily basis was heartbreaking and, occasionally, paralyzing. Reading Gary Haugen's book
Good News About Injustice
helped me come to terms with the suffering that I was witnessing and the struggle to overcome it. Regular hikes in the peaceful mountains of Vancouver's North Shore with Richard, Maxime, Marvin, and Skip brought welcome moments of respite. I have leaned heavily on my supportive parents, family, and close friends, as well as Pastor Owen—all of you have helped me so much without even realizing it. Above all, I want to thank my wife for her unwavering support throughout this journey. She has been there at every step of the way through the late nights, early mornings, and weeks apart. Her patience, understanding, and compassion were so much more than I could have ever asked anyone to give.

INDEX

A

A Federal Strategy on Trafficking in Persons,
218

Aba (Ghana),
173
–
74

abduction, as control of victim,
78

Aboriginal people. See First Nations

Aboriginal Women's Action Network,
96
,
168

ACT Alberta (Action Coalition on Human Trafficking),
109
–
10

action plans, proposed businesses,
230
–
32

federal government,
219
–
27

individuals,
235
–
38

local police,
229
–
30

parents,
232
–
34

provincial and territorial governments,
227
–
29

Action Réfugiés Montréal,
100

Adolescent Forensic Interview Model,
86

AFESIP Cambodia,
xiii

Aftab, Parry,
73

airports

as entry points since 9/11,
49

and human Trafficking,
34
–
35
,
40

Alberta

support for victims,
152

treatment of victims,
109
–
10
,
145

Alberta Employment and Immigration,
42
,
152

Amazing Grace,
6

America's Most Wanted
(TV series),
54

Anderson, Jackie,
93
,
94
,
153

Anti-Human Trafficking Network,
95

Arnold, Kristine,
102

Ashley (Vancouver),
59

assault.
See also
violence

as control of victim,
78
,
88

Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs,
184

Association of Canadian Travel

Agencies,
232

Athens Principles for End Human

Trafficking Now,
230
–
31

Atwood, Hugh K.,
124
,
125

Audrey (Prince George),
162
,
164

Australia

and child sex tourism,
193

pedophiles in,
26

prostitution in,
214
–
15

Australian Federal Police,
193
,
227

B

Bakker, Donald,
17
–
19
,
20

Bales, Kevin,
7

Bartolucci, Rick,
102

Belgium

best practices,
201

combatting human Trafficking,
198
–
201

co-operation with U.K.,
198

criminal proceedings,
200

law enforcement,
199
–
200
,
201

protection of victims,
199
–
200

Berube, Lou,
48

Best Practices to Address the Demand Side of Sex Trafficking
(study),
159

Bevan, Vince,
90

Beyond Borders,
194

biker gangs, and sex trade,
112

Bill C-268,
128
–
29
,
138
,
221

Bi-national Assessment of Trafficking in Persons,
30

Blue Blindfold campaign,
182

boarding houses,
50

bonded labour holder (India),
10

Boxing Day tsunami, and pedophiles,
26

brainwashing, as control method,
84

branding and tattoos

as control method,
83

removing,
104
–
5

Briand, Isabelle,
174

British Columbia

criminal charges in,
132
–
34

and cross-border smuggling,
47
–
48

Osoyoos,
47
–
48
,
134
–
35
,
182

sex trade in,
102

as smuggling hub,
51

support for victims,
153

and traffi cked children,
39
–
40

treatment of victims,
107
–
8
,
145

B.C. Migrant Services Program,
107

B.C. Ministry of Child and Family

Development,
40

Brooks, Cam,
2
,
4

brothels: micro-brothels,
44
–
46

Bruyere, Carla,
97
–
98

Bruyere, Fonessa,
97

Burke, Edmund,
xii

Bush, George W.,
207

Bussey, Dianna,
95

C

Calgary

sex trade in,
1
–
3

sex Trafficking in,
xvii

Calgary Network on Prostitution,
142

Calgary Police Service

Operation Carmel,
74
–
75

Operation Relaxation,
1
–
3

Operation Street Fighter,
75

Vice Unit,
58
,
74
–
75
,
140

Cambodia

child sex abuse,
25

child sex tourism,
12
,
16
–
17
,
18

corruption in,
26

economic status,
17

The Future Group in,
14
–
16

human Trafficking in,
10

pedophiles in,
25

recovery centres in,
13
–
14

sex industry in,
xiii
–
xvii
,
12
–
14

sex Trafficking statistics,
xv

Campbell, Tracey,
42

Canada

attitude to Trafficking,
41

child pornography laws,
20
–
22

child sex abuse in,
14

and child sex offenders,
195
–
96

and child sex tourism,
193
,
194

compliance with international standards,
131

convictions for Trafficking,
122
,
138

Craigslist in,
76

criminal charges for Trafficking,
118
,
120
–
23
,
125
–
27

cross-border smuggling,
47
–
54

foreign Trafficking victim statistics,
33

forbidden practices with children,
19
–
20

human Trafficking defi nition,
119

and International Organization for Migration,
200

international Trafficking convictions,
132

lack of statistics on Trafficking,
32
–
33

and NGOs,
106
–
7
,
204

penalties for child Trafficking,
128

prevention programs,
181
–
82

prosecution record,
136

sex tourism legislation,
19

sex Trafficking in,
xvii
–
xix
,
29
–
30

slave trade in,
6

and traffi cked children,
38
–
41

Trafficking law enforcement,
52

as transit point,
48
,
50

treatment of victims,
99
,
103
–
4
,
106
–
7

Canada Border Services Agency,
44

and child welfare authorities,
225

intercepting of smuggled children,
50

Migration Integrity Offi cers,
178
,
183

and NGOs,
102

and suspected victims,
35
,
99
–
100
,
103
–
4
,
106

Canadian Centre for Child Protection,
181
,
228
,
232
,
237

Canadian Criminal Law Review
(journal),
193

Canadian International Development Agency,
177

Carnes, Patrick,
84

Castana (Mexico),
52

cellphones, use by traffi ckers,
76
–
77

Centre jeunesse de Montréal—Institut universitaire,
180

Changing Together (Edmonton),
5
–
6
,
109
,
110
,
224

Chantale (St. Vincent),
170
–
71

Chelsea (Peel Region),
105

child pornography, laws in Canada,
20
–
22

child protection services, in Montreal,
100

child sex abuse.
See also
pedophiles in Cambodia,
25

by Canadian men,
23
–
25

effect on victim,
27
–
28

child sex tourism

and Australia,
193

in Cambodia,
12
,
16
–
17
,
18

Canada and,
193

categories of pedophiles,
26
–
27

combatting,
231
–
32

demand for in developing countries,
22
–
23

favoured countries,
23

laws regarding,
19
–
22

treaties against,
21
–
22

Child Sexual Exploitation Strategy,
184

Children

and Craigslist,
74

criminal charges for sex with,
186

demand for, increasing,
168

forbidden practices with,
19
–
20

identifying victims,
208
–
9

Internet use,
233
–
34

protecting,
232
–
34

sex abuse of in Canada,
14

sex traffi ckers and,
231
–
32

smuggling of in N. America,
50

and social network sites,
72
–
73

traffi cked, aid for in B.C.,
107

traffi cked indicators,
39
–
40

traffi cked to Canada,
38
–
41

Trafficking in for sex,
51
–
52

victims, treatment in Italy,
203

Children's Aid Society (Peel, Ont.),
41

China, migrant smuggling,
40

Chon, Katherine,
73

Christine (Quebec),
127

Cinderella's Silence: A Story of Gang Prostitution
(comic book),
64
,
180

Citizenship and Immigration Canada

aid to victims,
106

anti-Trafficking booklet,
181
–
82

anti-Trafficking methods,
176
–
77

caregiver mistreatment case,
173
–
74

and human Trafficking,
10

and NGOs,
102
,
224

and RCMP,
110
,
145

and refugee claims,
147

statistics on Trafficking,
32
–
33

and temporary resident permits,
107
–
8
,
143
,
150
–
51

Clinton, Bill,
205
,
207

Cloud
9
Body Care,
1
,
2
,
3

Colombia, as source of human Trafficking victims,
36
–
38

control.
See
recruitment and control methods

convictions in criminal cases

in Canada,
xix

Nakpangi,
123
–
25

Corriveau, Patrice,
82

corruption

in Cambodia,
26

and human Trafficking,
34