In Our Prime (40 page)

44
According to John Henry Kellogg:
Lois W. Banner,
In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 278.

44
“The haste and impetuosity”:
Chudacoff,
How Old Are You?,
59.

44
Failure to conform to these:
http://ngram.googlelabs.com
chart, author search; Lynd and Lynd,
Middletown,
478–95.

44
As assorted experts displaced religious authorities:
Not that the two are necessarily contradictory.

45
In the health field:
John Harvey Kellogg,
The Battle Creek Sanitarium System
(Battle Creek, MI: Gage Printing Co., 1908), 1.

45
Also in the domestic arena:
Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English,
For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts' Advice to Women
(New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 161–62.

45
The following year, Christine Frederick:
Ibid., 163; Christine Frederick, “The New Housekeeping: Efficiency Studies in Home Management,”
Ladies'
Home Journal,
September–December 1912, excerpted by the National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005,
http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/
;
http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/dtchrist.html
(accessed June 12, 2011).

45
In 1913,
Life
magazine:
Kanigel,
One Best Way,
514.

46
After
Principles
appeared, Samuel Gompers:
Ibid., 504.

46
“Here's the specifications”:
Sinclair Lewis,
Babbitt,
Project Gutenberg,
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1444770
(accessed June 12, 2011).

46
Pauline Manford, the wealthy modern:
Edith Wharton,
Twilight Sleep
(New York: Scribner, 1997), 98.

47
Christine Frederick explained the:
Frederick, “The New Housekeeping.”

47
John D. Rockefeller established:
Ehrenreich and English,
For Her Own Good,
207–8.

47
If an inhabitant of 1890:
Lynd and Lynd,
Middletown,
153–78; Norman F. Cantor,
The American Century: Varieties of Culture in Modern Times
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1997).

49
In a 1701 sermon:
Cotton Mather,
A Father's Resolutions,
http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/mather/resolvd.htm
(accessed June 10, 2011).

50
On this spiritual journey:
Wilbur Hervey,
The Monitor,
vol. 2 (Boston: Cummings, Hilliard and Co., 1824), 174.

50
G. Stanley Hall claimed youth symbolized purity:
Cole,
Journey of Life,
214.

51
“It is a tarnished, travestied youth that”:
Randolph Silliman Bourne,
Youth and Life
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 14.

51
“Middle age has the prestige”:
Ibid., 90.

51
Resources and expertise:
George Miller Beard,
A Practical Treatise on Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia)
(New York: E. B. Treat, 1880), 80.

51
The revered Harvard psychologist:
Michael Bellesiles,
1877: America's Year of Living Violently
(New York: New Press, 2010), 276.

51
Beard believed nervous breakdowns:
Edward M. Brown, “An American Treatment for the ‘American Nervousness': George Miller Beard and General Electrization,” presented to the American Association of the History of Medicine, Boston, 1980.

52
Middle-class Victorian women were:
Gay,
Schnitzler's Century,
132–38; Elaine Showalter,
Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); “Hysteria or Insanity,”
New York Times,
October 13, 1883; Jean Strouse,
Alice James: A Biography
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), ix, 103–4, 301–2; Alice James,
The Diary of Alice James
(New York: Penguin, 1964), 206–7.

52
He investigated how long:
George Beard,
American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences
(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1881), 193–230.

53
This idea of a limited number of constructive:
Anthony Trollope,
The Fixed Period
(London: Penguin 1882, 1993); Cole,
Journey of Life
.

53
After deciding to leave the:
Sir William Osler,
Aequanimitas, with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses and Practitioners of Medicine
(London: H. K. Lewis, 1906), 391; Cole,
Journey of Life
; G. Stanley Hall,
Senescence: The Last Half of Life
(New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1922), 4.

54
Reports of Osler's joking references:
Jonathan B. Imber, “Twilight of the Prosthetic Gods: Medical Technology and Trust,”
Hedgehog Review
(Fall 2002).

54
In eighteenth-century America:
Fischer,
Growing Old in America,
82–86.

54
A 1904 article in the
New York Times:
“Youth Crowding Out Even Middle Age,”
New York Times,
October 10, 1904.

55
Oliver Wendell Holmes, who disdained contemporaries:
Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 338.

55
In a revealing study of:
Martin U. Martel, “Age-Sex Roles in Magazine Fiction,” in
Middle Age and Aging,
Bernice Neugarten, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 56.

55
In 1905, the same year Osler:
“Middle Aged Folks,”
Gainesville Daily Sun,
May 3, 1905, 3.

56
Those who became active:
Carroll Smith-Rosenberg,
Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 87, 173–75.

56
A number of these reformers:
Banner,
In Full Flower,
332.

56
“The needs of the world”:
“Middle Age: When the Children Marry,”
Harper's Bazar,
October 25, 1889.

57
Whether they worked in a factory or an office:
Neugarten,
Middle Age and Aging,
11.

57
In 1900, about a fifth:
Fact Sheet 2006, Professional Women: Vital Statistics, AFL-CIO, Department for Professional Employees.

57
As the writer Gertrude Atherton:
Gertrude Atherton,
Adventures of a Novelist
(New York: Liveright Inc., 1932).

57
A 45-year-old who:
“Middle Age—Freedom of Movement,”
Harper's Bazar,
August 8, 1899, 32, 37.

57
Martin Martel, the sociologist:
Martel, “Age-Sex Roles in Magazine Fiction,” 56.

57
Between 1890 and 1920:
Banner,
In Full Flower,
276.

57
Those thirty years:
A.M.B., Letters to the Editor, “The Woman of Middle Age,”
New York Times,
October 11, 1922.

58
In 1906, a British writer:
Mary Mortimer-Maxwell, “An Englishwoman in New York: The Bachelor Girl,”
New York Times,
May 20, 1906.

58
The
Gainesville Daily Sun:
“Middle Aged Folks,”
Gainesville Daily Sun
.

58
Whether or not mammas were thrown:
Smith-Rosenberg,
Disorderly Conduct,
176.

58
“Today the most influential”:
Mrs. Wilson Woodrow, “Youth Crowding Out Even Middle Age,”
Cosmopolitan,
October 10, 1904.

58
Edith Wharton, after suffering through a sexless:
Kennedy Fraser,
Ornament and Silence: Essays on Women's Live from Edith Wharton to Germaine Greer
(New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 77.

58
She pronounced menopause:
Banner,
In Full Flower,
274.

58
Successive generations of New:
Smith-Rosenberg,
Disorderly Conduct,
34.

60
“The building up”:
Bernarr Macfadden,
Vitality Supreme,
Project Gutenberg ebook, 12,
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1515612
(accessed June 11, 2011).

61
Health reformers spoke:
Cole,
Journey of Life,
93–101.

61
During one of
Physical Culture
's:
http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden2.html
(accessed June 14, 2011).

61
success depended on “developing the”:
Macfadden,
Vitality Supreme,
14.

61
Physical fitness could work:
Mark Adams,
Mr. America: How Muscular Millionaire Bernarr Macfadden Transformed the Nation Through Sex, Salad, and the Ultimate Starvation Diet
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 98–99.

61
Even Randolph Bourne, whose body:
Bourne,
Youth and Life,
14.

62
The use of the word “hygiene”:
http://ngram.googlelabs.com
, author search of “hygiene.”

62
Science had transformed the body:
Herbert Tucker, ed.,
A Companion to Literature & Culture
(Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1999), 105.

62
John Henry Kellogg wrote:
Kellogg,
Battle Creek Sanitarium System,
1.

62
McFadden also ran a sanitarium:
http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden2.html
(accessed June 14, 2011).

62
A healthy body was seen as:
Cole,
Journey of Life,
173–74.

62
Cesare Lombroso, the Italian doctor:
Herman,
Idea of Decline in Western Civilization,
109–30.

63
Elie Metchnikoff, who won the Nobel Prize:
Clarfield, “Dr. Ignatz Nascher and the Birth of Geriatrics.”

63
The flush of spending and display:
Thorstein Veblen,
Theory of the Leisure Class
(New York: New American Library, 1953), 60.

64
“All, with hardly an exception”:
Hall,
Sensescence,
101.

64
America had turned into what the poet:
Vachel Lindsay,
The Art of the Moving Picture,
http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Art-Of-The-Moving-Picture1.html
, 37 (accessed June 12, 2011).

64
D. W. Griffith invented the close-up
: Gay,
Modernism,
369.

64
“Is Your Skin Younger or Older Than You Are?”:
Ad*Access, Duke University Libraries,
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/images/eaa/P/P01/P0160/P0160-lrg.jpeg
(accessed June 10, 2011).

65
Films reinforced expectations about:
Hollander,
Seeing Through Clothes,
344–47.

65
Gibson Girl drawings, created:
Ibid., 23.

65
“When it came to age”:
Ad*Access, Duke University Libraries,
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/images/eaa/P/P01/P0160/P0160-lrg.jpeg
(accessed June 10, 2011).

65
On occasion, customers even:
William Ewing, “The Shock of Photography,” in
100,000 Years of Beauty: Modernity/Globalisation,
Elizabeth Azoulay, ed. (Paris: Gallimard, 2009), 22–28.

66
This heightened degree of:
Kirk Curnutt,
Cambridge Introduction to F. Scott Fitzgerald,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/25371235/F-Scott-Fitzgerald
, 31 (accessed June 10, 2011).

66
As photographs and film images:
Hollander,
Seeing Through Clothes.

66
At the turn of the century:
“Forty and Still Fair,”
Chicago Daily Tribune,
November 14, 1886, 17; Banner,
In Full Flower,
281.

66
“Until this century, and until the movies”:
Anne Hollander,
Sex and Suits: The Evolution of Modern Dress
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 137; Fischer,
Growing Old in America,
223.

66
Mrs. Woodrow explained the:
Wilson, “Youth Crowding Out Even Middle Age.”