Imagined Empires (31 page)

52.
Ibid., 8.

53.
For example, see ‘Abdin Iltimasat, Portfolio 496, No. 108, 25 May 1915; and Portfolio 496, 7 January 1915, both in NAE.

54.
LaVerne Kuhnke,
Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 63, 66.

55.
Further Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of Egypt,
1884, 48–49, BNA.

56.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1902 (Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1903), 423.

57.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1902 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1903), 71, BNA.

58.
Egypt was not yet colonized, but after the foreign debt crisis its finances were partially under British-French control.

59.
Majlis al-Wuzara’, Sharikat wa-Jam‘iyyat, Portfolio 1/B, 16 May 1880, NAE.

60.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1902, 51, BNA.

61.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1898, 30, 72, BNA.

62.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1902, 49, BNA.

63.
Ibid.

64.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1901 (Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1902), 57.

65.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1902, 30, 77.

66.
al-Hukuma al-Misriyya,
Mahadir Jalasat Majlis Shura al-Qawanin,
8 Rajab 1301/May 1884.

67.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 428, Sijill 881, Case 288, 6 Shawwal 1301, NAE.

68.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 422, 6 Jumada al-Awwal 1299, NAE.

69.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 426, Sijill 861, Case 998, 10 Dhu al-Hijja 1300, NAE. This incident happened in 1878, two years after the dual British-French control over Egyptian finances started, upon the debt crisis.

70.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1907 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1908), 28, BNA.

71.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1908 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1909), 32, BNA.

72.
See, for example, Muhammad Farid Hashish,
Hizb al-Wafd,
1936–1952 (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Amma lil-Kitab, 1999); Davis,
Bank Misr and the Political Economy of Industrialization in Egypt,
1920–1941; and Beth Baron,
Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).

73.
See Anderson,
Imagined Communities;
and Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Griffiths (ed.),
The Post-colonial Studies Reader
(London: Routledge, 2006), part 8.

74.
Education was the main means of disseminating nationalist discourse. Tay‘ Salama, an infamous parliamentarian, was involved in founding boys’ schools toward this goal. See, for example, Qina Court, Sijill Ishhadat 125, Case 92, pp. 61–62, 4 November 1899; Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at,
and Tarikat 141, Case 100, pp. 86–87, 22 July 1900; and Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at, and Tarikat 141, Case 39, pp. 36–38, 24 March 1900, all in NAE.

75.
This section of the chapter is theoretically informed by the insights of subaltern studies into writing non-bourgeois-nationalist histories of colonized societies, particularly in India. It attempts to break away from elitist historiography of Egypt that focuses on bourgeois nationalism as the only form of resisting colonialism, opting instead to present a nonelitist narrative showing other modes of resistance of the lower classes in Upper Egypt. See Ranajit Guha, “On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India,” in Vinayak Ghaturvedi (ed.),
Mapping the Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial
(London: Verso, 2000), 1–7.

76.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 43, Sijill 892, Case 187, 15 Rajab 1302, NAE.

77.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1902, 504.

78.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, microfilm 422, 6 Jumada al-Awwal 1299.

79.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1889 (Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1890), 378.

80.
The annual report of 1901 recorded a 3 percent increase in “felonies” in Qina Province, parallel to the increase in Grand Cairo. This probably suggests that resistance against the empire was as great in Qina as in Cairo.
Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul
-
General
on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in
1901 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1902), 29, BNA.

81.
These were
waqf
charitable endowments. See, for example, Qina Court, Sijill Ishhadat 125, Case 92, pp. 61–62, 4 November 1899; Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at, and Tarikat 141, Case 100, pp. 86–87, 22 July 1900; and Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at, and Tarikat 141, Case 39, pp. 36–38, 24 March 1900, all in NAE.

82.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 422, 5 Jumada al-Thani 1299; Microfilm 430, Sijill 893, Case 214, 13 Shawwal 1302, both in NAE.

83.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 43, Sijill 893, Case 244, 17 Shawwal 1302, NAE.

84.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1889, 813.

85.
Ibid., 501.

86.
Ibid., 813.

87.
Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 426, Sijill 859, Case 875, 17 Shawwal 1300, NAE.

88.
Majmu‘at al-Taqarir al-Marfu‘a min al-Mudiriyyat wa-l-Muhafazat li Dawlatu Afandim Nazir al-Dakhiliyya wa-l-Maliyya ‘an ’A‘mal
1889 (Misr: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1890), 198–99.

89.
Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi
1890 (Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1891), 157–61.

90.
Ibid.

91.
“Hawadith Mu’sifa fi al-Mahalla al-Kubra wa Qina,”
Al-Balagh,
16 December 1949.

92.
“Khutt al-Sa‘id,”
Al-Ahram,
31 October 2010.
http://gate.ahram.org.eg/Malafat/74/678/%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-.aspx
(accessed 10 January 2011).

93.
There are many versions of al-Khutt’s story, and facts are mixed with mythical public narratives about him. Personal communication with inhabitants of the village of Drunka, Qina, June 2009.

EPILOGUE

1.
Immanuel Wallerstein,
After Liberalism
(New York: New Press, 1995), 177.

2.
Immanuel Wallerstein, “U.S. Weakness and the Struggle for Hegemony,”
Monthly Review
55 (2003): 7.

3.
Joseph Stiglitz, “The Roaring Nineties,”
Atlantic Monthly,
October 2002, 98. See also, Joseph Stiglitz,
Globalization and Its Discontents
(New York: W .W. Norton, 2003); and Joseph Stiglitz and Gerald Meier,
Frontiers of Development Economics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

4.
See Peter Evans, Theda Skocpol, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.),
Bring the State Back In
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

5.
Stiglitz,
Globalization and Its Discontents,
17.

6.
Ibid., 1–15; Mitchell,
Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 272–303.

7.
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri,
Empire
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), xiv (emphasis in original).

8.
Ibid., 23–24.

9.
Ibid., 393.

10.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “The New Subaltern: A Silent Interview,” in Vinayak Ghaturvedi (ed.),
Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial
(London: Verso, 2000), 325.

11.
Ibid., 326.

12.
USAID, “Success Stories,”
www.usaideconomic.org.eg/SuccessStories.asp
(accessed 12 January 2012).

13.
Ibid.

14.
ACDI-VOCA, “Egypt—Agribusiness Linkages Global Development Alliance,”
www.acdivoca.org/site/ID/egyptHeinzGDA
(accessed 10 January 2012).

15.
See the Cairo-based newspaper,
Al-Masry al-Youm,
9 and 30 March 2008.

16.
See Land Center for Human Rights,
Reports
(Cairo: Land Center for Human Rights, 2005–8); Ray Bush (ed.),
Counter Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in an Era of Economic Reform
(London: Zed Books, 2002).

17.
Al-Masry al-Youm,
22 March 2007.

18.
See Lisa Kallal and OsterDowJones Commodity News, “Commodities Report: Wheat Prices Post Big Declines on Selling by Speculative Funds,”
Wall Street Journal,
23 December 2003.

19.
See “U.S. Wheat Aid Is Sold to Egyptian Company,”
Wall Street Journal,
30 November 1998; Dyanna DeCola, “Wheat Prices Rise on Egypt’s Return as a Buyer,”
Wall Street Journal,
12 April 2001; USAID, “Economic Growth in Egypt,”
www.usaideconomic.org.eg
(accessed 10 January 2012).

20.
Al-Wafd,
4 August 2007. The story of Nawfal is similar to that of ‘Izzat Ali Hanafi, the bandit mentioned in this book’s introduction, with regard to allying with the regime in crushing Islamic fundamentalists and forging election results in the interest of the National Democratic Party, the former ruling party.

21.
See coverage of the revolution in Qina Province on this Qina-based website:
www.qenaonline.com
(accessed 15 January 2012). For example,
www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1175.htm
(accessed 15 January 2012);
www.qenaonline.com/portal/albums-action-show-id-25.htm
(accessed 15 January 2012);
www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1211.htm
(accessed 15 January 2012); and
www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1189.htm
(accessed 15 January 2012).

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