I Can Hear You Whisper (45 page)

National Reading Panel, 269–70

National Technical Institute for the Deaf, 224, 230, 325

National Theatre of the Deaf, 109–10, 111–12, 321

native language of children, 45–46

A Natural History of the Senses (Ackerman), 25

nature vs. nurture, 41

neuroimaging technology, 190–96

neurological models of hearing,
236–41, 241–46

neurons, 124, 126, 197

neurotransmitters, 124

Neville, Helen

and attention training in children, 255–57, 270, 292

background of, 133–34

and Bellugi's lab, 288–89

compensatory changes research of, 134–36

on neural pruning, 125

neuroplasticity research of, 249–51

and pediatric research, 174

on simulation vs. deprivation of the brain, 129

Newport, Elissa

and Bellugi's lab, 288

on mechanics of language acquisition, 36–39, 251–52

neurobiological focus of, 42

neuroplasticity research of, 36, 218–19

on quality of language input, 219

and Supalla, 110, 219, 288

New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 24

The New York Times, 227, 292

The New York Times Magazine, 177

Niparko, John, 225

Nobel Prizes, 197

noise, 226, 296–99, 301–6

N1 (first negativity), 194–95, 198, 199, 252, 254, 339

nonsense-word studies, 275

nursery rhymes, 245–46

occipitotemporal lobe, 274

O'Gara, Jessica, 24–25, 28–29, 72,
120, 199

On the Sensations of Tone
(Helmholtz), 63

option schools, 14–15, 79

oralism and oral deaf community

activism of, 18, 191

and Deaf culture, 185–86

in deaf education, 56–58, 61, 64,
66–67, 110, 177, 185, 226, 227, 228

of Matlin, 116

“oral deaf” category, 18

and Parton family, 176

See also
speech and spoken language

organ of Corti, 27

orthographic code cracking, 271

oscillographs, 71–72, 80

otoacoustic emission (OAE), 5

oval window, 26

Oxenham, Andrew, 203–4, 299–300, 309

Padden, Carol

and Bellugi's lab, 288

on children and cochlear implantation, 180

on Deaf culture, 115–16

on Epée, 52

on perception, 19

on perceptions of sign language, 113, 289–90

on trajectory of sign language research, 289–90

Pakulak, Eric, 253–57

Paludneviciene, Raylene, 328

Parisier, Simon

background of, 121

and decision to implant, 120–23, 209

on hearing aid, 170–71

on House, 107–8

and injury from fall, 261–62, 264

and protests against cochlear implants, 184–85

referral to, 121

Parton, Caitlin

cochlear implant of, 176–77

meningitis infection of, 173

60 Minutes
story on, 181–82

and success rate of implants, 217

success story of, 222

Parton, Steve, 22

pathologizing deafness, 18–19

Patrick, Jim, 146

Pavlov, Ivan, 35

Penn, Arthur, 110

perception, nature of, 200–201

perceptual cues used by children, 46–47

phonemes, 242, 267, 268

phonics, 336

phonology and phonological awareness

and brain physiology, 244–46

and cochlear implants, 281–82

and plasticity of the brain, 251–52

and reading, 266–67, 269–71, 273, 277–80, 281–82

and structure of language, 242

Pinker, Steven, 35, 267

pinna, 301

Pisoni, David, 226–27, 233–34

pitch, 100, 101, 300, 308, 312–13

plasticity of the brain

and attention, 247–51, 254–58

in blind and deaf people, 136–37

compensatory changes of the brain, 134–36

and degraded hearing conditions, 203

in infants, 123–25

and language, 250, 251–54

Merzenich's research on, 151–52, 153, 155

Neville's research on, 133–37

and phonological awareness, 251–52

and reading, 273, 282

and simulation vs. deprivation of the brain, 128–29

and speech processing programs, 218–19

and timing of implant, 123

and vision, 250

plosives (speech sounds), 81–82

Poeppel, David

on attention, 254

and Goswami's research, 276

on language acquisition, 236–41, 242–45, 251

and neuroimaging technology, 190–96, 197–203

on temporal information, 205–6

poetry, 277

pointing, 47–48

Ponce de León, Pedro, 53–54

P1 (first positivity), 194–95, 198, 199, 339

pop music, 308

positron emission tomography (PET), 197, 241

prediction in language, 201–2

prefrontal cortex, 129

pregnancy, language acquisition during, 39

primary auditory cortex, 199

profoundly deaf, 32, 82, 94

prosody, 243–44, 245–46

Proust and the Squid (Wolf), 268

Psychological Development of Deaf Children (Marschark), 230

Public Law 94-142, 228

Pugh, Ken

on auditory shadowing, 275

on cochlear implants, 281–82

on fluency, 271–72

on phonological awareness, 267, 269–70, 279–80, 281–82

Pyman, Brian, 145

Pythagoras, 68

Raising and Educating a Deaf Child (Marschark), 229, 231

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 197

range of hearing in humans, 28, 73

reading

and Alex's progress, 339–40

and brain processes, 266–75, 275–78, 278–82

diagnosis of reading problems,
271–72

educator–researcher conflicts, 249

and language acquisition, 278–79

and phonological awareness,
266–67, 269–71, 273, 277–80, 281–82

role of hearing in, 264

Reading in the Brain (Dehaene), 274

receptive language, 214

redundancy, 204

Reluctant Genius (Gray), 64

Remez, Robert, 204

representations in the brain, 201

Revit, Lawrence, 296

rhymes, 275, 277

rhythm, 243–44, 308, 312

Risley, Todd, 39–41

Roni (ASL tutor), 284, 294–95

Rosen, Roslyn, 182–83

Roth, Jackie, 227

Rubin, Philip, 204

Sacks, Oliver, 20, 21, 287, 289

Salk, Jonas, 287

Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 287, 288–89

Sanders, George, 62–63

Saunders, Rod, 144–46, 148–49, 150, 174

Schuknecht, Harold, 90

The Scientist in the Crib (Gopnik, Kuhl, and Meltzoff), 41–42

Searle, Peter, 175–76

Seeing Voices (Sacks), 287

Seidenberg, Mark, 275

selective attention, 256

Seligman, Peter, 150

semantic code cracking, 271

semantics, 243, 245, 289

semivowels (speech sounds), 81

Shankweiler, Donald, 267–68, 269

Shannon, Bob, 205

Sharma, Anu, 137–39, 194, 338

Shepard, Alan, 97

Shepherd, Rob, 184

Sicard, Roch-Ambroise Cucurron, 55, 60

Signed Exact English, 228

sign language

appreciation for, 21

baby sign language, 21

changing attitudes toward, 110–12

considered inferior, 58

dictionary of, 113

early efforts in, 65

early proponents of, 53–54, 55, 57–58, 60

and Epée, 52, 65

fluency in, 36, 229

“home signs,” 52

infants' incorporation of, 47–48

as language, 21, 112–14

neurobiological foundations
of, 288–90

oralism vs., 22, 65–66

and spoken language acquisition, 15

stigma associated with, 110

See also
American Sign
Language (ASL)

SimCom, 228

Simmons, Blair, 99–102, 107, 140–41, 142, 203

60 Minutes, 181–82

Skinner, B. F., 35

Smith, Scott, 175–76

Smithsonian Institution, 185–86

social cues, 48

social skills, 48–49

socioeconomic status, 39–41, 129, 256

Solomon, Andrew, 18, 177, 227

Song and Dance Man (Ackerman), 310

Sooy, Francis, 150

Sorenson Language and Communication Center, 322

sound, 68–69, 80

Sound and Fury (2000), 16

sound-meaning interface, 240

Sourds en Colère (Angry Deaf), 183

spatial grammar, 288–89

spectral information in sound,
204–8, 220–22

spectrographs, 73

Speech and Hearing (Fletcher), 70

speech and spoken language

anatomy of, 80–82

and assessing hearing, 30

and brain plasticity, 154–55

children's perception of, 43–45

children's preference for, 45

and critical bandwidth concept, 154

in deaf education, 56–58, 61, 64, 66–67, 110, 177, 185, 226, 227, 228

difficulty of, 58, 65–66

and ear anatomy, 25–26

and early implant trials, 100

oral education, 66–67

and phonological awareness, 278

and the profoundly deaf, 32, 82

robustness of, as signal, 203

and single-channel implants, 106–8

speech loss, 259–61

speech processing programs, 147, 148, 217, 218–19, 301, 306

speech recognition, 226

speech therapy, 210–11

visual language vs., 22, 65–66

See also
oralism and oral deaf community

Spilman, Jane Bassett, 117

Spritzler, David, 286

steroids, 262–63

stirrup (stapes), 26

Stokoe, William, 112, 113–14, 287

Supalla, Sam, 15–16

Supalla, Ted, 110–11, 180, 219, 288

superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), 193

superior olive, 198–99

Svirsky, Mario, 219–22, 224–25,
304–5, 313

Swiller, Josh, 283, 320

Swiller, Sam, 329–30

syllables

and brain physiology, 245

and spoken language, 72

and temporal information, 207–8

synapses, 197

syntax, 228, 243, 273

Tallal, Paula, 20

“Tan” (Monsieur LeBorgne), 237

Tanenhaus, Michael, 275

telephones, 69, 75

temporal fine structure, 301

temporal information, 205–8

temporal lobe, 196, 199

temporal resolution, 191

tesla (measure), 192

Tesla, Nikola, 192

theatre for deaf audiences, 109–12, 321

Théorie des signes (Sicard), 55

This Is Your Brain on Music (Levitin), 29

Through Deaf Eyes (documentary), 311

timbre, 308, 312–13

tonal color, 308

Tong, Jo, 146–47

Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain (Begley), 135

transparent language, 274

tubes, 30

Tucker, Bonnie Poitras, 179, 185

The Unheard (Swiller), 320

universal grammar theory of
Chomsky, 35

University of California, Los Angeles, 125, 126

University of Oregon, 272

Urban, Jack, 102–3, 105, 331

US Census, 290

ventral stream, 239

vestibular aqueducts, 87–88, 262

Vierra, Anthony, 99–100, 140

Visible Speech, 62

vision

artificial vision, 220

neurological component of, 131–33

and neuroplasticity, 250

and reading, 273–74

and visible light spectrum, 28

and visual learning, 232

and visual system of the brain, 238

visual cortex, 135

Visual Language Visual Learning laboratory (VL2), 322

Vitulano, Sabrina, 167–69

vocabulary, 213, 241, 270

vocal cords, 80–81

voice coder (vocoder), 154–55

voices. See speech and spoken language

Volta, Alessandro, 91–92

Vouloumanos, Athena, 42–48, 243

vowels, 72, 73, 80–81

Vytlacil, Tracey, 25, 28–29

Walker, Jeff, 193–94, 197–99

Walker, Lou Ann, 114–15

Wallis, John, 56

Waterstreet, Ed, 112

Watson, George, 144–45, 149–50, 174

Weiner, Fred, 322

Weiner, Stephen, 322–27, 329

Werker, Janet, 45, 243, 252, 292–93

Wernicke, Carl, 237

Wernicke's area, 236–38, 242

West Virginia School of Medicine, 222–23

When the Mind Hears (Lane),
54, 114, 220

whispering, 81, 339

Wiesel, Torsten, 131–33, 134,
153, 248

Wilson, Blake, 95, 217, 301

Wired for Sound (Biderman), 308

Wolf, Maryanne, 268, 271, 277

word onset effect, 252

Wright, David, 54, 57, 66–67

Yang, Charles, 39, 42

Zinser, Elisabeth Ann, 117–18

Zurich Academy, 57

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