How Everyone Became Depressed (30 page)

1. Summarized in Simon Wessely, “Old Wine in New Bottles,” Psychological Medicine, 20 (1990), 35–53.
2. Robert Halsband, Ed., The Complete Letters of Lady Wortley Montagu (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965), Vol. 1, 116–117; letter to Philippa Mundy of Feb. 11, 1712.
3. Adrien Proust and Gilbert Ballet, L’hygiène du neurasthénique (Paris: Masson, 1897).
4. Philip Kolb, Ed., Marcel Proust Correspondence, Vol. 9, 1909 (Paris: Plon, 1982), 219.
5. Li Fischer-Eckert, Die wirtschaftliche und soziale Lage der Frauen in dem modernen Industrieort Hamborn im Rheinland (Hagen: Carl Stracke, 1913), 91–92; Staatswiss Inaug. Dissertation University Tü bingen.
6. Archibald J. Cronin, Adventures in Two Worlds (Toronto: Ryerson, 1952), 196–197.
7. George A. Waterman, “The Treatment of Fatigue States,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4 (1909), 128–139, p. 128.
8. Erik Essen-Mö ller, Individual Traits and Morbidity in a Swedish Rural Population (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1956), 63; Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. No. 100.
9. Karl Jaspers, Allgemeine Psychopathologie, 9th ed. (Berlin: Springer, 1973), 132, 445; this is based unchanged on the 1942 edition.
10. Maria Bidlingmaier, Die Bäuerin in zwei Gemeinden Württembergs, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tü bingen, Staatswiss. doctoral dissertation (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1918), 61.
11. I have located and perused more than a hundred of these, keenly searching for references to fatigue and the like.
12. Peter Voswinckel, “Das ‘Tagebuch’ eines Distrikt-Krankenhauses 1866/67 als Quelle der Sozialgeschichte,” Historia Hospitalium, 17 (1986/88), 121–134. 13. See Edward Shorter, “The ‘Hot-Fat’ Line and the Medical History of Diet: The Consumption of Fatty Acids in Pre-Modern Europe,” Medicina & Storia, 3 (Nov. 5, 2003), 69–83.
14. J. M. H. Campbell, “Chlorosis: A Study of Guy’s Hospital Cases During the Last Thirty Years,” Guy’s Hospital Reports, 73 (1923), 247–297.
15. See, for example, Edwin Bramwell, “Discussion on the Mental Sequelae of Encephalitis Lethargica,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 18 (1925), 17–39. For an overview of the epidemic see Joel A. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica: During and After the Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
16. James Crichton-Browne, Victorian Jottings from an Old Commonplace Book (London: Etchells, 1926), 244–245.
17. Anson Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 39.
18. Anon. [Harriet Martineau], Life in the Sick-Room, by an Invalid (London: Moxon, 1844), 7, 167, 171.
19. Gaby Weiner, Ed., Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, 2 Vols. (London: Virago, 1983), Vol. 2, 172; the autobiography was written in 1855 and first published in 1877.
20. Ibid. Quotations are from Vol. 1, 75, 147, 193, 265; Vol. 2, 134, 430–431. 21. SilasWeirMitchell, Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, Especially in Women (London: Churchill, 1881), 48.
22. B ä der-Almanach: Mittheilungen aus den Bädern, Luftcurorten und Heilanstalten (Frankfurt/M: Mosse, 1882), xv.
23. Medical Directory for 1908 (London: Churchill, 1908), advertisement p. 1953. 24. D. Mabin, “Sommeil et autom édication de Marcel Proust. Une analyse à partir de sa correspondance,” Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 24 (1994), 63. 25. Maurice Craig, Psychological Medicine: A Manual on Mental Disease for Practitioners and Students, 3rd ed. (London: Churchill, 1917), 115.
26. Nortin M. Hadler, “Editorial: Labeling Woefulness: The Social Construction of Fibromyalgia,” Spine, 30 (2004), 1–4.
27. James J. Putnam, “Not the Disease Only, But Also the Man,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 141 ( July 27, 1899), 77–81, p. 80.
28. GeorgeBeard,“Neurasthenia,or Nervous Exhaustion,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 80 (Apr. 29, 1869), 217–221, pp. 217–218.
29. GeorgeM.Beard, A Practical Treatise on Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia)(New York: Wood, 1880), quotes from “second and revised edition,” also published in 1880, 32, 34, 44, 47, 53, 66, 76, 78.
30. Paul Hartenberg, Traitement des neurasthéniques (Paris: Alcan, 1912), 5–7. 31. Hermann Oppenheim, Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten, 5th ed. (Berlin: Karger, 1908), Vol. 2, 1268.
32. For the initial description of Mitchell’s rest cure see S. Weir Mitchell, “Rest in Nervous Disease,” in Edouard C. Seguin, Ed., A Series of American Clinical Lectures, Vol. 1: Jan.–Dec. 1875 (New York: Putnam, 1876), 368–373. On the background of Mitchell’s cure, see Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry (New York: Wiley, 1997), 130–135.
33. H. Neumann, Handbuch der Heil-, Pflege- und Kuranstalten (Privat-Anstalten), 1901 (Berlin: Leuchter, 1901), 10.
34. American Medical Directory, 1913, ad page 63.
35. Ibid., ad page54.
36. Rev X’s chart is in the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre in London, Frederick Parkes Weber collection, case book 1906–1907, at p. 337.
37. Simon Wessely, “History of Postviral Fatigue Syndrome,” British Medical Bulletin, 47 (1991), 919–941, pp. 921–922.
38. Maurice Dide and Paul Guiraud, Psychiatrie du médecin praticien (Paris: Masson, 1922), 85–86.
39. Tom A.Williams, “The Bases of So-called Neurasthenic States” (1921), reprinted in Practitioner, 108 (1922), 220–222.
40. Kurt Schneider, Psychiatrische Vorlesungen für Ärzte, 2nd ed. (Leipzig: Thieme, 1936), 42; first published in 1933.
41. Ruth E. Taylor, “Death of Neurasthenia and Its Psychological Reincarnation,” BJP, 179 (2001), 550–557.
42.E.Farquhar Buzzard,“The Dumping Ground of Neurasthenia,” Lancet, 1 ( Jan. 4, 1930), 1–4, p. 2.
43. See Sigmund Freud, “Über die Berechtigung von der Neurasthenie einen bestimmten Symptomenkomplex as ‘Angstneurosen’ abzutrennen” (1895), reprinted in Sigmund Freud, Gesammelte Werke (London: Imgo, 1952), 315–342; Freud, “Die Sexualität in der Ätiologie der Neurosen” (1898), reprinted in ibid., Vol. 1, 491–516.
44. See Wilhelm Stekel, Nervöse Angstzustände und ihre Behandlung (1908), 3rd ed. (Berlin: Urban, 1921), 600.
45. ICD-10: The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders(Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992), Diagnostic code F48, p. 170.
46.American Psychiatric Association, DSM-II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. (New York: APA, 1968), 40–41, p. 43.
47. New York Times, June 19, 1898, 22; I am indebted to Ellen Tulchinsky for conducting this computer search of the New York Times on-line database.
48. New York Times, Apr. 4, 1935, 23.
49. Cheryl Krasnick Warsh, Moments of Unreason: The Practice of Canadian Psychiatry and the Homewood Retreat, 1883–1923 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1989), 69.
50. S. Weir Mitchell, “Clinical Lecture on Nervousness in the Male,” The Medical News and Library, 35 (1877), 177–184, p. 181.
51. Angelo Mosso, La fatigue intellectuelle et physique, Fr trans (Paris: Alcan, 1894); first Italian ed. 1891.
52. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte (Leipzig: Barth, 1915), Vol. 4, 1407.
53. See, for example, Kraepelin, Psychiatrie, 5th ed. (Leipzig: Barth, 1896), 341–351. 54. Heinrich Averbeck, “Die akute Neurasthenie, die pl ö tzliche Ersch ö pfung der nervö sen Energie,” Deutsche Medizinal-Zeitung, no. 30 [no Vol. given] (Apr. 12, 1886), 325–328, pp. 325, 327.
55. Charles L.Dana, “The Partial Passing of Neurasthenia,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 150 (Mar. 31, 1904), 339–344, p. 341.
56. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 3rd ed. (Stuttgart: Enke, 1888), 517– 518; the final edition, the 7th, appeared in 1903. See pp. 456–469 for the discussion of “insanity on the basis of neurasthenia” (“das Irresein auf neurasthenischer Grundlage”). 57. Eduard Hirt, “Behandlung und Versorgung der rechtsgesetzlich versicherten Nervenkranken,” Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, 84 (1926), 217–236, p. 230. 58. Maximilian Laehr,“Die Heilstätte für Nervenkranke‘Haus Sch ö now’1899bis 1927” Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift, 30 ( Jan. 28, 1928), 39–46. Laehr discussed these conditions in the context of who might be admissible to the “Volksheilstätte für Nervenkranke” (Public Treatment Centers for Nervous Patients) that he envisioned.
59. Adolf Hoppe, “Gegenwartsaufgaben der Nervensanatorien,” PsychiatrischNeurologische Wochenschrift, 34 (March 26, 1932), 157–160, pp. 158–159. The contrast was between the “Ersch ö pften” of yesteryear and the “Zermürbten” of today. 60. Philip Seymour-Price, discussion comment following a paper by Farquhar Buzzard, BMJ, 1 (May 2, 1931), 754.
61. “Ex-Official Kills Wife and Himself,” New York Times, May 2, 1934, 16. 62. The asthenic personality disorder of DSM-II (1968) was, according to the index of DSM-III, collapsed into “dependent personality disorder.” It was said to be “rarely used” ( DSM-III, 1980), 379.

1. Food and Drug Administration, Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting, Nov. 6, 1980, 81; obtained through the Freedom of Information Act.
2. AubreyLewis, “The Ambiguous Word ‘Anxiety,’” International Journal of Psychiatry, 9 (1970), 62–79, p. 68.
3. AugustinJacob André Beauvais, Séméiotique ou traité des signes des maladies(1809), 2nd ed. (Paris: Brosson, 1815), 327, 329.
4. William Sargant and Peter Dally, “Treatment of Anxiety States by Antidepressant Drugs,” BMJ, 1 ( Jan. 6, 1962), 6–9, p. 6.
5. GeorgeBeaumont, interview,“The Place of Clomipramine in Psychopharmacology,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists (London: Chapman & Hall, 1996), Vol. 1, 309–327, p. 325; based on an interview first published in 1993.
6. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: APA, 1968), 39.
7. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York: Norton, 1945), 193.
8. Edward Shorter and Max Fink interview with Robert Spitzer, Mar. 14, 2007, 12.
9. Food and Drug Administration, Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting, Mar. 21, 1977, 104; obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. 10. Alan Breier, Dennis S. Charney, and George R. Heninger, “The Diagnostic Validity of Anxiety Disorders and Their Relationship to Depressive Illness,” AJP, 142 (1985), 787–797, p. 787.
11. Thomas Ban interview, Aug. 12, 2006, Toronto.
12. Harry S. Friedlander, “Anxiety, Tension and Emotional Stress: A Report on the Joint Use of Mephenesin and a Barbiturate in Their Treatment in General Practice,” Medical Times, 81 (1953), 411–415, p. 411.
13. See the RCT that found mephenesin valueless in the treatment of hospital patients on a “neurosis unit” with anxiety. Edward H. Hare, “The Effects of Mephenesin in Neurotic Anxiety,” Journal of Mental Science, 101 (1955), 172–174.
14. Serpasil advertisement, New York State Journal of Medicine, 54 (1954), 2137. 15. Suavitil advertisement, New York State Journal of Medicine, 58 (1958), 274–275. 16. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994), 436. 17. Centre for Contemporary Medical Archives, London, Parkes Weber collection, casebook for 1913 and after, at p. 198.
18. Jean Stoner, translator, Jerome Cardan, The Book of My Life (Latin 1575) (London: Dent, 1931), 25.
19. Günther Goldschmidt, editor and translator, Felix Platter Observationes: Krankheitsbeobachtungen (Vol. 1, 1602) (Berne: Huber, 1963), 76.
20. Vincenzo Chiarugi, Della Pazzia, Vol. 2 (Florence: Carlieri, 1794), 5. 21. Philippe Pinel, Nosographie philosophique, ou la méthode de l’analyse appliquée à la médecine (1798), 4th ed. (Paris: Brosson, 1810), Vol. 3, 91.
22. JohnHaslam, Observations on Madness and Melancholy, 2nd enlarged ed. (London: Callow, 1809), 103.
23. Friedrich Christian August Heinroth, Lehrbuch der Störungen des Seelenlebens (Leipzig: Vogel, 1818), 359; I have translated “Gemüthsst ö rungen” as affective disorders, even though at the time the meaning was somewhat broader.
24. Soeren Kirkegaard, The Concept of Anxiety (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1981).
25. German Berrios and C. Link, “Anxiety Disorders: Clinical Section,” in German E. Berrios and Roy Porter, Eds., A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders (London: Athlone, 1995), 545–562. 26. Joseph Guislain, Leçons orales sur les phrénopathies, Vol. 1 (Ghent: Hebbelynck,
1852), 126–127.
27. Stuttgart: Krabbe, 1861.
28. Wilhelm Griesinger, Die Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen Krankheiten, 2nd ed. (1861) (reprinted Amsterdam: Bonset, 1964), 230.
29. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, 8th ed., Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Barth, 1909), 348–349.
30. William Murray, A Treatise on Emotional Disorders of the Sympathetic System of Nerves (London: Churchill, 1866), 18–19.
31. Centre for Contemporary Medical Archives, Wellcome MS 5162.
32. .Centre for Contemporary Medical Archives, Wellcome MS 5157
33. Lars E. Troide et al., Eds., The Early Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney, Vol. 3 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 113, 118.
34. Joyce Hemlow, Ed., The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame D’Arblay), Vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), 160.
35. Anton Theobald Brü ck, Das Bad Driburg in seinen Heilwirkungen dargestellt, für practische Ärzte (Osnabrü ck: Rackhorst, 1844), 117.
36. Carl Friedrich Flemming, “Ueber Prä cordialangst,” AZP, 5 (1848), 341–361, pp.
342, 345, 356–357.
37. Hanns Kaan, Der neurasthenische Angstaffect (Vienna: Deuticke, 1892), 74. 38. Carl Friedrich Flemming, Pathologie und Therapie der Psychosen (Berlin: Hirschwald, 1859), 66, 68.
39. Jules Falret, “Discussion sur la folie raisonnante,” Annales MP, 4th Ser., Vol. 1 (1866), 382–426, pp. 414–416.
40. B én édict-Augustin Morel, “Du d é lire emotif: Névrose du système nerveux ganglionnaire visceral,” Archives Générales de Médecine, Se.r 6, Vol. 7 (1866), 385–402, 530–551, 700–707. The term “dé lire” can be translated into English in several ways; in this sense, it means severe illness, not the disordered thought of formal “insanity.” Morel did not believe his patients were incapable of rational thought. He reminded readers of the old saying in psychiatry, “Si toute folie est un d é lire, tout d é lire n’est pas une folie” (p. 386).
41. Wilhelm Griesinger, “Über einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen Zustand,” Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1 (1868), 626–635, p. 635. 42. Jacob M. DaCosta, “On Irritable Heart; a Clinical Study of a Form of Functional Cardiac Disorder and Its Consequences,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences, NS, 61 (1871), 17–52, pp. 22, 32.
43. Thomas Lewis, The Soldier’s Heart and the Effort Syndrome (London: Shaw and Sons [1918]), 47–48.
44. Carl Westphal, “Die Agoraphobie,” Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten,3 (1872), 138–161, pp. 139–140, 143–144, 160.
45. Carl Westphal, “Ueber Platzfurcht,” Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 7 (1877), 377–383, see p. 379.
46. See Carl Flemming, “Über Schwindel-Angst,” AZP, 29 (1873), 112–114. 47. Carl Westphal, “Ueber Zwangsvorstellungen,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 14 (Nov. 12, 1877), 669–689, see p. 670. It is not my intention to lay bare the entire historical roots of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but Richard von Krafft-Ebing, then on staff at the Illenau Asylum, introduced the notion of obsession-compulsion, or Zwang, into German psychiatry in 1867, apropos “compulsive thoughts,” Zwangsvorstellungen. Krafft-Ebing, Beiträge zur Erkennung … krankhafter Gemüthszustände (Erlangen: Enke, 1867). In the context of “simple psychic depression,” he spoke of “painful feelings of continuously present thoughts that stand in no relationship to awareness (Zwangsvortstellngen)” (p. 13). A whole debate about the nature of obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions then arose, well summarized in Oswald Bumke, “Die psychischen Zwangserscheinungen,” Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, 63 (1906), 138–146.
48. Henry Maudsley, The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind (New York: Appleton, 1867), 332.
49. Henri Legrnd du Saulle, La folie du doute (avec délire du toucher) (Paris: Delahaye, 1875), 24, 28–29.
50. É douard Brissaud, “De l’anxi é t é paroxystique,” La Semaine Médicale, 9 (1890), 410–411.
51. PaulHartenberg, Les timides et la timidité (1901), 4th ed. (Paris: Alcan, 1921), 4–6. 52. Fulgence Raymond and Pierre Janet, Les obsessions et la psychasthénie, Vol. 2 (Paris: Alcan, 1903), 190–192.
53. Ibid., x–xi.
54. See, for example, Hugo Gugl, “Die Grenzformen schwerer cerebraler Neurasthenie,” in Hugo Gugl and Anton Stichl, Neuropathologische Studien (Stuttgart: Enke,
1892), 124–151, who often uses the terms anxious ( ä ngstlich) and anxiousness (Ängstlichkeit), as well as fear of death (Todesangst); Kaan, Neurasthenische Angstaffect (1892), passim.
55. Ewald Hecker, “Ueber larvirte und abortive Angstzustä nde bei Neurasthenie,” Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde, 16 (1893), 565–572, p. 567.
56. Sigmund Freud, “Ueber die Berechtigung von der Neurasthenie einen bestimmten Symptomenkomplex als ‘Angstneurose’ abzutrennen” (1895), reprinted in Freud, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 1, 315–342, p. 316.
57. Sigmund Freud, “Die Sexualität in der Ätiologie der Neurosen” (1898), in Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 1, 491–516, see pp. 497–498. Freud was scarcely the first writer to have incriminated sexual practices in psychiatric illness. See Leopold Löwenfeld, Die nervösen Störungen sexuellen Ursprungs (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1891). 58. Smith Ely Jelliffe, “Nervous and Mental Disease Dispensary Work,” Post-Graduate,
27 (1912), 467–482, 593–607, p. 595.
59. Ludwig Frank, Affektstörungen: Studien über ihre Ätiologie und Therapie(Berlin: Springer, 1913), 135–143.
60. Ludwig Frank, Die psychokathartische Behandlung nervöser Störungen (Psychoneurosen—Thymopathien) (Leipzig: Thieme, 1927), 17.
61. Paul Hartenberg, “La n évrose d’angoisse,” Revue de médecine, 21 (1901), 464–484,
612–631, 678–699.
62. AubreyLewis, “The Ambiguous Word ‘Anxiety,’” International Journal of Psychiatry,
9 (1970), 62–79, p. 66. His argument obliged him, however, to considerably exaggerate the role of the diagnosis of Angst in pre-Freudian Central Europe. 63. Wilhelm Stekel, “Wandlungen der Psychotherapie,” Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift,
49 (1936), 1071–1074, p. 1073.
64. Sigmund Freud, “Hemmung, Symptom und Angst” (1926), in Gesammelte Werke,
14, 111–205, pp. 115–117.
65. Freud, “Die gemeine Nervosität,” 392–406, see p. 404; this is lecture 24 in the work “Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse” in Gesammelte Werke, 11. 66. Librium ad, Diseases of the Nervous System, 32 (1971); they were quoting psychoanalyst Joseph Wolpe in 1963; Wolpe, however, soon rebelled against analysis and became a pioneer of behavior therapy.
67. Thomas Gray to Richard West, May 27, 1742; in Paget Toynbee et al., Eds., Correspondence of Thomas Gray, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), 209. 68. Edward Mapother, “Discussion on ManicDepressive Psychosis,” BMJ, 2 (Nov. 13,
1926), 872–876, p. 873; Gillespie discussion comment, p. 879.
69. Joseph Guislain, Les Phrénopathies(Brussels: Établissement Encyclographique,1852), 126–128.
70. Heinrich Schüle, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten (Leipzig: Vogel, 1878), 531–532. 71. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte, 5th ed. (Leipzig: Barth, 1896), 571.
72. Carl Wernicke, Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen (1900), 2nd ed. (Leipzig: Thieme, 1906), 227–235.
73. See Karl Leonhard, “Die Angstpsychose in Wernickes und Kraepelins Betrachtungsweise” (1939), reprinted in Internationale Wernicke-Kleist-Leonha rd-Gesellschaft e.V., ed. Karl Leonhard, Das wissenschaftliche Werk, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Ullstein, 1992), 296–297.
74. Paul Nitsche, [brief report] AZP, 62 (1905), 864. After World War II, Nitsche was convicted of participating in the Nazi euthanasia program and was executed. 75. Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of Mind (London: Macmillan, 1879), 365. 76. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Longmans, 1905), 160.
77. August Cramer, “Zur Symptomatologie und Therapie der Angst,” Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 36 (Aug. 11, 1910), 1473–1478, p. 1476.
78. Harry A. Paskind, “Brief Attacks of Manic-Depressive Depression,” [AMA] Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 22 (1929), 123–134, p. 124.
79. Oskar Diethelm, “Panic,” [AMA] Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 28 (1932), 1153–1168, p. 1154. See also Diethelm, “Panikreaktion vom Standpunkt psychobiologischer Psychiatrie,” in Hans Prinzhorn, Ed., Die Wissenschaft am Scheidewege von Leben und Geist: Festschrift Ludwig Klages (Leipzig: Barth, 1932), 58–64. 80. Josef Westermann, “Über die vitale Depression,” Zeitschriftfür die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 77 (1922), 391–422, p. 421.
81. Kurt Schneider, “Die Schichtung des emotionalen Lebens und der Aufbau der Depressionszustä nde,” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 59 (1920), 281–286.
82. Juan J.LopezIbor, La Angustia Vital (Madrid: Montalvo, 1950).
83. Juan J. Lopez-Ibor, “Manic-Depressive Psychosis and Anxiety (The Timopathic Circle),” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 27 (1952), 269–286, p. 278.