Holy Warriors (64 page)

3.
Nersēs Šnorhali, “Lament on Edessa,” tr. T. Van Lint, in
East and West in the Crusader States II: Context, Contacts, Confrontations
, eds. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule,
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta
92 (Leuven, 1999), pp. 49–105, text here from p. 75.

4.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 1–16.

5.
Ibid., pp. 37–60.

6.
William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum: The Deeds of the Kings of England
, eds. and trs. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1998–99), 2.655.

7.
Translation in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, p. 91; also in Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 280–82.

8.
Odo of Deuil,
The Journey of Louis VII to the East: De profectione Ludovici in Orientem
, ed. and tr. V. G. Berry (Columbia, 1948), pp. 8–9.

9.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 99–100.

10.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, p. 399.

11.
Ibid., p. 462.

12.
Ibid.

13.
B. Ward,
Miracles and the Medieval Mind
, second edition (Aldershot, 1987), p. 182.

14.
R. Chazan, “From the First Crusade to the Second: Evolving Perceptions of the Christian–Jewish Conflict,” in
Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe
, eds. M. A. Singer and J. Van Engen (Notre Dame, 2001), pp. 46–62;
The Jews and the Crusaders
, ed. and tr. S. Eidelberg (Madison, 1977); R. Chazan,
European Jewry and the First Crusade;
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, pp. 46–66; Otto of Freising,
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, tr. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1953), pp. 74–75.

15.
Otto of Freising,
Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, p. 70.

16.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 94–95.

17.
W. J. Purkis,
Crusading Spirituality in the Holy Land and Iberia, c. 1095–c. 1187
(Woodbridge, 2008); J. F. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
(Philadelphia, 2003).

18.
Translated in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, p. 40.

19.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 244–68; S. A. Epstein,
Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528
, pp. 49–53.

20.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 228–43; E. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades
, second edition (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. 1–49; K. Lotter, “The Crusade Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe,” in
Medieval Frontier Societies
, eds. R. Bartlett and A. Mackay (Oxford, 1989), pp. 267–85.

21.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, p. 235.

22.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, p. 467.

23.
K. Villads Jensen, “Denmark and the Second Crusade: The Formation of a Crusader
State?,” in
The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
, eds. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 164–79.

24.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. xxviii–xxix, 238.

25.
Ibid., pp. 136–67; Phillips, “Ideas of Crusade and Holy War in
(De expugnatione Lyxbonensi) The Conquest of Lisbon,”
in
The Holy Land, Holy Lands and Christian History
, ed. R. N. Swanson,
Studies in Church History
36 (2000), pp. 123–41.

26.
J. P. Huffman,
The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307)
(Ann Arbor, 2000), pp. 46–56.

27.
The Conquest of Lisbon (De expugnatione Lyxbonensi)
, ed. and tr. C. W. David, with a new foreword and bibliography by J. P. Phillips (New York, 2001), pp. 56–57.

28.
Ibid., pp. 68–69; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 145–46.

29.
Conquest of Lisbon
, pp. 78–79.

30.
Ibid., pp. 90–93.

31.
H. Kennedy,
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
(Harlow, 1996), pp. 179–203.

32.
Conquest of Lisbon
, pp. 120–23.

33.
Ibid., pp. 152–55.

34.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 99–103.

35.
E. A. R. Brown and M. W. Cothren, “The Twelfth-Century Crusading Window of the Abbey of Saint-Denis,” in
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
49 (1986), pp. 1–40.

36.
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII
, pp. 16–19.

37.
Harris,
Byzantium and the Crusades
, pp. 94–101; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 168–77.

38.
Otto of Freising,
Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, pp. 80–81.

39.
J. Roche, “Conrad III and the Second Crusade: Retreat from Dorylaion?,” in
Crusades
5 (2006), pp. 85–94.

40.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 188–95.

41.
John Kinnamos,
The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
, tr. C. M. Brand (New York, 1976), p. 69; Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII
, pp. 56–61.

42.
Odo of Deuil,
Journey of Louis VII
, pp. 114–21; William of Tyre, 2.175–77; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 198–202.

43.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 207–9.

44.
Michael the Syrian,
Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199)
, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, 4 vols. (Paris, 1899–1910), 3.272.

45.
William of Tyre, 2.193–95.

46.
John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall (London, 1956), p. 52.

47.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 210–12.

48.
Ibid., p. 212.

49.
M. Hoch, “The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade: A Re-evaluation,” in
Autour de la Première Croisade
, ed. M. Balard,
Byzantina Sorboniensia
14 (Paris, 1996), pp. 359–69; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 215–18.

50.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 218–23.

51.
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, “Mirror of the Times,” in
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, tr. F. Gabrieli (Berkeley, 1969), p. 62; see also Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades
, p. 284; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 222–27.

52.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 269–71; John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, pp. 11–12.

53.
R. Hiestand, “The Papacy and the Second Crusade,” in
The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
, pp. 32–53.

54.
William of Tyre, 2.196.

55.
Phillips,
Defenders
, pp. 100–18; G. Constable, “The Crusading Project of 1150,” in
Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer
, eds. B. Z. Kedar, J. S. C. Riley-Smith, and R. Hiestand (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 67–75; T. Reuter, “The Non-Crusade of 1149–1150,” in
The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
, pp. 150–63.

56.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 239–41.

57.
Helmold of Bosau,
The Chronicle of the Slavs
, tr. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1935), pp. 180–81.

58.
Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 241–43.

59.
Ibid., pp. 253–59. For a contemporary source, see the “Poem of Almeria,” in
The World of El Cid
, trs. S. Barton and R. A. Fletcher (Manchester, 2000), pp. 250–63.

60.
Ibid., p. 251.

61.
N. Jaspert, “Capta est Dertosa: clavis Christianorum. Tortosa and the Crusades,”
The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
, pp. 90–110.

62.
For the contemporary writings of the Genoese consul Caffaro, see J. B. Williams, “The Making of a Crusade: The Genoese Anti-Muslim Attacks in Spain, 1146–1148,” in
Journal of Medieval History
23 (1997), pp. 29–53, Caffaro’s text at pp. 48–53, charter cited at pp. 38–39.

63.
C. Di Fabio,
La cattedrale di Genova nel medioevo, secoli vi–xiv
(Genoa, 1998), pp. 88–91.

1.
Folda,
Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land
, pp. 175–245.

2.
Mayer, “Queen Melisende,” pp. 117–25; Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 183–85; William of Tyre, 2.204–7.

3.
William of Tyre, 2.196–98; Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades
, pp. 291–92.

4.
N. Elisséeff, “Les monuments de Nur ad-Din: inventaire, notes archéologiques et bibliographiques,” in
Bulletin des Études Orientales
12 (1949–51), pp. 5–43.

5.
William of Tyre, 2.225.

6.
Y. Tabbaa, “Propagation of Jihad under Nur al-Din (1146–1174),” in
The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades
, ed. V. P. Goss (Kalamazoo, 1986), pp. 223–40; H. Dajani-Shakeel, “Al-Quds: Jerusalem in the Consciousness of the Counter-Crusader,” in
The Meeting of Two Worlds
, pp. 201–22; Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, pp. 150–67; D. Talmon-Heller,
Islamic Piety in Medieval Syria: Mosques, Cemeteries and Sermons Under the Zangids and Ayyubids (1146–1260)
(Leiden, 2007); S. A. Mourad and J. E. Lindsay, “Rescuing Syria from the Infidels: The Contribution of Ibn Asakir of Damascus to the Jihad Campaign of Sultan Nur ad-Din,” in
Crusades
6 (2007), pp. 37–56; N. Elisséeff, “The Reaction of Syrian Muslims After the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,” in
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 162–72.

7.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 262.

8.
Cited in Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, p. 161.

9.
William of Tyre, 2.273–75, 288–90; Phillips,
Defenders
, pp. 132–34, 142.

10.
William of Tyre, 2.212–14, 224; Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 221–24.

11.
B. Hamilton, “The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon,” in D. Baker, ed.,
Studies in Church History
15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 97–108; J. Richard, “Aux origines d’un grand lignage: des Paladii Reynald de Châtillon,” in
Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offerts à Karl F. Werner
(Paris, 1989), pp. 409–18.

12.
William of Tyre, 2.235–36.

13.
For a fine analysis of William’s writings and career, see P. W. Edbury and J. G. Rowe,
William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East
(Cambridge, 1988).

14.
William of Tyre, 2.300.

15.
Ibid., 2.313.

16.
Louis VII, “Epistolae,” in
Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France
, ed. M. Bouquet et al., 2 vols. (Paris, 1737–1904), 16.28.

17.
By far the most comprehensive biography of Saladin is M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson,
Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War
(Cambridge, 1982); see pp. 1-29 for his early years. Note also D. S. Richards, “The Early Life of Saladin,” in
Islamic Quarterly
17 (1973), pp. 140–59. See also H. Möhring,
Saladin: The Sultan and His Times
, tr. D. S. Bachrach (Baltimore, 2008); Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, passim. For a more hostile view of his early career, see A. Ehrenkreutz,
Saladin
(Albany, 1972).

18.
Imad ad-Din, tr. Richards, “Early Life,” p. 146. On this author, see also D. S.
Richards, “Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani: Administrator, Litterateur and Historian,” in
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 133–46.

19.
Ibn Abi Tayy, tr. Richards, “Early Life,” p. 147.

20.
Y. Lev,
Saladin in Egypt
(Leiden, 1999).

21.
Ibid., pp. 81–84.

22.
Beha ad-Din,
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 47–49; Ibn al-Athir,
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-ta’rikh, Part 2: The Years 541–589/1146–1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin
, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 198–200.

23.
William of Tyre, 2.360.

24.
Phillips,
Defenders of the Holy Land
, pp. 168–208.

25.
William of Tyre, 2.377–83.

26.
John Kinnamos,
Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
, p. 209.

27.
Folda,
Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land
, pp. 347–78;
Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land
, pp. 156–57; A. Jotischky, “Manuel Comnenus and the Reunion of the Churches: The Evidence of the Conciliar Mosaics in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem,” in
Levant 26
(1994), pp. 207–23.

28.
William of Tyre, 2.394.

29.
Imad ad-Din, translation from Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, p. 166.

30.
P. D. Mitchell, “An Evaluation of the Leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the Context of the Medieval World,” in B. Hamilton,
The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 245–58.

31.
William of Tyre, 2.398, 417.