Holy Warriors (63 page)

41.
Gesta Francorum
, pp.
44
–4
7
.

42.
Ibid., p. 62.

43.
R.-J. Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204
, trs. J. C. Morris and J. E. Ridings (Oxford, 1993), pp. 31–60; Harris,
Byzantium and the Crusades
, pp. 64–71.

44.
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 59–60.

45.
Ibid., p. 68.

46.
Ibid., p. 69.

47.
France,
Victory in the East
, pp. 278–96.

48.
Ibid., pp. 303, 323–24; Ralph of Caen,
The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade
, trs. B. S. and D. S. Bachrach (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 113–14.

49.
For a general context, see R. Bartlett,
Trial by Fire and Water
(Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 70–102.

50.
T. S. Asbridge, “The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, Devotion and Memory on the First Crusade,” in
Reading Medieval Studies
33 (2007), pp. 3–36.

51.
O.
Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
(London, 1996), pp. 777–78.

52.
Ralph of Caen,
Gesta Tancredi
, pp. 129–30.

53.
The best account of the siege is to be found in France,
Victory in the East
, pp. 325–66.

54.
Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem
, trs. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), pp. 127–28.

55.
Ibid., p. 128.

56.
Albert of Aachen,
Historia Ierosolimitana
, pp. 428–29.

57.
Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia Francorum
, p. 127.

58.
B. Z. Kedar, “The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades,” in
Crusades
3 (2004), pp. 15–76.

59.
Gesta Francorum
, p. 92.

60.
William of Tyre,
A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
, trs. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, 2 vols. (New York, 1943) 1.372–73; Latin text in
Chronicon
, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, 2 vols. (Turnhout, 1986).

61.
Pope Paschal II, in Hagenmeyer,
Die Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 178.

62.
Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia Francorum
, p. 128.

63.
Murray,
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
, pp. 63–77.

64.
J. P. Phillips,
The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom
(London, 2007), pp. 17–36.

1.
Translated by C. Hillenbrand, in Phillips,
Crusades
, p. 169.

2.
Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, pp. 83–109.

3.
Al-Sulami,
Kitab al-Jihad
, tr. N. Christie, published online at
http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html
; see also N. Christie, “Motivating Listeners in the
Kitab al-Jihad
of Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d.1106),” in
Crusades
6 (2007), pp. 1–14. The seminal article on this topic is E. Sivan, “La génèse de la contre-croisade: un traité damasquin du début du XIIe siècle,” in
Journal Asiatique
254 (1966), pp. 197–224.

4.
Al-Sulami, f. 179b (references follow the manuscript numbering in Christie’s translation).

5.
Ibid., f. 176b.

6.
Ibid., f. 175a.

7.
Ibid., f. 177a

8.
Bernard of Clairvaux and Raol, author of
The Conquest of Lisbon
, were two mid-twelfth-century Christian writers who used this theme. See Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 72–73, 154.

9.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades
, tr. P. M. Cobb (London, 2008); P. M. Cobb,
Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior Poet of the Age of Crusades
(Oxford, 2005); P. M. Cobb, “Infidel Dogs: Hunting Crusaders with Usama ibn Munqidh,” in
Crusades
6 (2007), pp. 57–68; R. Irwin, “Usama ibn Munqidh: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman at the Time of the Crusades Reconsidered,” in
The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton
, eds. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 71–87.

10.
M. G. S. Hodgson,
The Secret Order of the Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Isma’ilis Against the Islamic World
(Philadelphia, 1955).

11.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, pp. 208–10.

12.
Excerpts in ibid., pp. 254–59.

13.
Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” pp. 83–85.

14.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, pp. 245–54.

15.
For this anecdote, see Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” p. 86.

16.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, p. 144.

17.
Ibid., p. 149.

18.
Koran, 17.1.

19.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, p. 147.

20.
Ibid., pp. 205–6; Phillips,
Second Crusade
, pp. 217–18.

21.
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to Jerusalem
, p. 271.

22.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, pp. 122, 138, 208.

23.
Ibid., p. 25.

24.
Ibid., pp. 59–62.

25.
Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” pp. 73–75.

26.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, pp. 145–46.

27.
Ibid., p. 146.

28.
P. D. Mitchell,
Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon
(Cambridge, 2004).

29.
Usama ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, p. 179.

30.
Ibid., pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.

31.
Ibid., p. 178.

32.
Ibn Jubayr,
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr
, tr. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London, 1952); I. R. Netton, “Ibn Jubayr: Penitent Pilgrim and Observant Traveller,” in
Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam
(Richmond, 1996), pp. 95–102.

33.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 20.

34.
Ibid., p. 15.

35.
Ibid., p. 60.

36.
Ibid., p. 67.

37.
Ibid., pp. 166–67.

38.
Ibid., p. 66.

39.
Ibid., p. 71.

40.
Ibid., p. 138.

41.
Ibid., p. 271.

42.
Ibid., p. 279.

43.
Ibid., p. 311.

44.
Ibid., pp. 311–14.

45.
Ibid., p. 312.

46.
For example, see Beha ad-Din Ibn Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2001), esp. pp. 22–26.

47.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 316.

48.
Ibid., pp. 300–1.

49.
Ibid., pp. 316–17.

50.
Ibid., p. 318.

51.
Ibid., pp. 320–21.

52.
S. A. Epstein,
Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528
(Chapel Hill, 1996); T. F. Madden,
Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice
(Baltimore, 2003); W. Heywood,
A History of Pisa: Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
(Cambridge, 1921).

53.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 325.

54.
Ibid., p. 331.

1.
N. R. Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative
(Woodbridge, 2007), p. 107; D. Gerish, “Gender Theory,” in
Palgrave Advances: The Crusades
, ed. H. J. Nicholson (Basingstoke, 2005), pp. 130–47.

2.
MacEvitt,
Rough Tolerance
, pp. 70–71; Murray,
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
, p. 182.

3.
Murray,
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
, pp. 115–27; Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 141–44; MacEvitt,
Rough Tolerance
, pp. 75–78.

4.
J. P. Phillips,
Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations Between the Latin East and the West, 1119–1187
(Oxford, 1996), pp. 19–35.

5.
Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 57–60, 71–90, 159–60, 181–90; see also William of Tyre, 2.135.

6.
William of Tyre, 2.45–46, contrasts with 50-51 to give the crucial difference in terms.

7.
Ibid., 2.38.

8.
Orderic Vitalis,
The Ecclesiastical History
, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1969–80), 6.390–91.

9.
J. Prawer,
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages
(London, 1972), pp. 96–101.

10.
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “King Fulk of Jerusalem and ‘The Sultan of Babylon,’” in
Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer
, eds. B. Z. Kedar, J. S. C. Riley-Smith, and R. Hiestand (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 55–66.

11.
Le cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem
, ed. G. Bresc-Bautier (Paris, 1984), no. 92, p. 209.

12.
B. F. Reilly,
The Kingdom of León-Castilla Under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126
(Princeton, 1982).

13.
H. E. Mayer, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem,” in
Dumbarton Oaks Papers
26 (1972), pp. 95–182; Phillips,
Crusades
, pp. 106–8; Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 134–35.

14.
William of Tyre, 2.71–72.

15.
H. E. Mayer,
Varia Antiochena: Studien zum Kreuzfahrerfürstentum Antiochia im 12. und frühen 13. Jahrhundert
(Hanover, 1993), no. 2, p. 114; Phillips,
Defenders of the Holy Land
, pp. 44–52.

16.
William of Tyre, 2.72.

17.
Bartlett,
Trial by Fire and Water
, pp. 103–26, esp. 111.

18.
William of Tyre, 2.72.

19.
Ibid., 2.73–74.

20.
Ibn al-Qalanisi,
The Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades
, tr. H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1932), p. 215.

21.
William of Tyre, 2.73–74.

22.
J. H. Pryor,
Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571
(Cambridge, 1988), pp. 3–4.

23.
AJ. Boas,
Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East
(London, 1999), pp. 13, 25–30.

24.
William of Tyre, 2.74–76.

25.
B Z. Kedar, “A Twelfth-Century Description of the Jerusalem Hospital;” S. B. Edgington, “Medical Care in the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem,” both in
The Military Orders Volume 2: Welfare and Warfare
, ed. H. J. Nicholson (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 3–26, 27–33; Mitchell,
Medicine in the Crusades
, pp. 60–85.

26.
William of Tyre, 2.75–76.

27.
Mayer, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende,” pp. 107, 109.

28.
William of Tyre, 2.76.

29.
H. E. Mayer, “Angevins Versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem,” in
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
133 (1989), pp. 1–25.

30.
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, 6.390–93.

31.
Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades
, p. 208.

32.
Regesta regni Hierosolymitani, 1098–1291
, ed. R. Röhricht (Innsbruck, 1893), nos. 163–64, pp. 40–41.

33.
Phillips,
Defenders of the Holy Land
, pp. 46–52, 59–61.

34.
J. Folda,
The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 137–63; B. Kühnel,
Crusader Art of the Twelfth Century: A Geographical, an Historical, or an Art-Historical Notion?
(Berlin, 1994), pp. 67–125.

35.
Folda,
Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land
, pp. 130–37, 246–49.

36.
William of Tyre, 2.132–34; Folda,
Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land
, pp. 131–36.

37.
Boas,
Crusader Archaeology
, p. 25.

38.
William of Tyre, 2.134–35.

39.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux
, new edition, tr. B. S. James, introduction B. M. Kienzle (Stroud, 1998), no. 274, p. 347.

40.
Ibid., no. 273, p. 346.

41.
Gesta Stephani (The Deeds of Stephen)
, ed. and tr. K. R. Potter (London, 1955), p. 81; M. Chibnall,
The Empress Mathilda
(Oxford, 1996).

42.
Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, 5.324–25; Hodgson,
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
, pp. 109–10, 114–15, 236–38.

43.
William of Tyre, 2.283, 291.

44.
Folda,
Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land
, pp. 324–28.

45.
William of Tyre, 2.139–40, 283.

1.
On the Second Crusade generally, see Phillips,
Second Crusade
, and the seminal article by G. Constable, “The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries,” in
Traditio
9 (1953), pp. 213–79.

2.
C. Hillenbrand, “‘Abominable Acts’: The Career of Zengi,” in
The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
, eds. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 111–32, text here from p. 123.