Hitler's Bandit Hunters (66 page)

Streckenbach, Bruno:
born 1902 and served in the Freikorps. He joined the Nazi Party and the SS. He rose to seniority in the RSHA (Office I personnel). He led Einsatzgruppe I in Poland. Joined the Florian Geyer, SS Cavalry Division. Captured by the Russians, he remained a prisoner until 1955. Avoided criminal proceedings in 1973 owing to ill health and died in 1977.

Stroop, Jürgen
(SS-Gruppenführer): born September 26, 1895, in Detmold. Served in the infantry in the Great War and joined the Nazis in 1932. Rose steadily through the SS ranks and served in several SSPF functions in Poland prior to the uprising in 1943. Captured in 1945, he was executed in Warsaw in 1952.

Tensfeld, Willy
(SS-Obergruppenführer): born November 27, 1893, in Schleswig-Holstein. He served in the navy from 1909 to 1923 as a sailor, in the U-Boat service, and in the Freikorps. He joined the SS on September 1, 1931, and the party in November 1931. SSPF Upper Italy until 1945.

Trotha, Lothar von
(general of infantry): born July 3, 1848, in Magdeburg, studied at Gymnasium and the University of Berlin. Between 1865 and 1871 von Trotha’s career developed from officer cadet to battalion adjutant with the 47th Infantry Regiment. He joined the military expedition to China. He came home to become commander of the 16th Infantry Division in Trier. He took command of the expedition to German South-West Africa on May 16, 1904. On May 21, 1906, he was placed in reserve. He died in retirement, in Bonn, in 1920.
⁵

Warlimont, Walter
(general of artillery): born in 1894, in Westphalia. Operations officer (Ia) of the operational orders department (
Wehrmachtführungsstab
or WFSt.) of the OKW, carrying out planning behind strategies and operations.

Winkelmann, Otto
(Generalleutnant der Polizei und SS-Obergruppenführer): born in 1894, studied law, and became a professional soldier. He became a police officer with the Schutzpolizei. He joined the Nazi Party in 1932 and the SS in 1938. He joined Daluege’s Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, responsible
for the command group. He became HSSPF Hungary until transferred to police operations in southern Europe; he died in 1977.
⁶

Wolff, Karl
(SS-Oberstgruppenführer): born in Darmstadt in May 1900. In April 1917, he became a Leutnant from September 1918 (having been a cadet for a year), in the 116th Hessian Life Guards. At the end of the war, he served in the Hessian Freikorps in 1919. He joined the SS and Nazi Party in 1931, becoming Himmler’s personal adjutant.

Wünnenberg, Alfred
(SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant der Ordnungspolizei): born in 1891 in Saarburg, in the Lorraine region. Alfred Wünnenberg took over the Ordnungspolizei in 1943 when Daluege was forced to retire.

Zelewski, Emil von:
uncle of Bach-Zelewski. The Schutztruppe commander in Tanzania, he was killed in 1891 at the Battle of Rugaro, by members of the HeHe tribe. A memorial for him was erected by Carl Peters, but he was always remembered for his disastrous performance in the battle that led to his death.
⁷

Zenner, Carl
(SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei): born in 1899. A veteran of the First World War and the Freikorps. Former Aachen president of police became SSPF Weissruthenien until May 1942. Ended the war in SS requisitioning. Received a five-year sentence in 1945 and a fifteen-year sentence in 1961.
⁸

Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski:
serving a life sentence in Landsberg prison.

Friedrich Beck:
SS-Sturmbannführer, commander Bandenkampfschule; in 1965 Polizeirat in Darmstadt.

Erich Haasche:
former Gendarmerie Hauptmann, in Lutsk and Warsaw uprising; in 1965, police director in Lower Saxony.

August Hanner:
commander of the III Battalion, Police Regiment “Todt” and commander of 105th Schutzmannschaft Battalion; in 1965, Polizeirat Hamburg.

Ludwig Hödel:
SS-Untersturmführer in Bandeneinsatz, Hauptmann in 3rd SS-Police Regiment; director of the Bavarian Border Police.

Kurt Huhn:
Hauptmann, company commander in 14th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, police official, group commander of U.S. sector in West Berlin.

Helmut Kiehne:
Oberleutnant der Schupo, mounted police section BdO Ukraine, conducting Bandeneinsatz; in 1965, chief police commissioner, Hamburg.

Hermann Kraiker:
Major der Schupo, Kampfgruppe Prützmann; in 1965, police official in Bochum, Ruhr.

Hubert Marbach:
company commander of an SD-Einsatzgruppen and member of the 2nd SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, director of the Landespolizei school in Bonn.

Paulus Meier:
mass-murder operations while battalion commander, 9th Police Battalion and II Battalion, 14th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, Polizeirat Bonn.

Konstantin Neher:
Gendarmerie Hauptmann in the 30th Waffen-SS Grenadier Division; in 1965, director of Landespolizei District Commissar, Württemberg.

Herbert Poethke:
SS-Hauptsturmführer and Oberleutnant der Schupo, Einsatzkommando in the east; in 1965, Polizeioberkommissar in Mönchengladbach.

Karl Pötke:
Hauptmann der Schupo, Einsatzkommando, commander II Battalion, 16th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, director of Schupo (Ia) in Hamburg.

Heinz Reinefarth:
HSSPF Warthe, Warsaw uprising; in 1965, mayor of Westerland/Sylt.

Friedrich Röhl:
BdO Riga, Hauptmann der Gendarmerie; in 1965, director of the Landespolizeischule Rheinland-Pfalz.

Christian Steeger:
27th SS-Police Regiment and III Battalion, 15th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, senior police official in Linz.

Werner Terrèe:
Leutnant der Schupo, II Battalion 2nd SS-Police Regiment in Bialystok; in 1965, director of a police section in the district of Osnabrück.

Otto Winkelmann:
director of the Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, HSSPF Hungary; in 1965, retired police official on a full pension.

1
. Woodruff D. Smith,
The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

2
. Fritz Fischer,
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(New York: Norton, 1967). See also Oleh S. Fedyshyn,
Germany’s Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1918
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1971).

3
. Frank Ebeling,
Geopolitik: Karl Haushofer und seine Raumwissenschaft 1919— 1945
(Berlin: Akad-Verlag, 1994); and David T. Murphy,
The Heroic Earth: Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany 1918–1933
(Kent, Ohio: Kent State University, 1997).

4
. Ian Kershaw,
Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris
(London: Allen Lane, 1998), 249.

5
. Adolf Hitler, trans. Ralph Manheim,
Mein Kampf
, Intro. D. C. Watt (London: Pimlico, 1992), 598.

6
.
Brockhaus’Konverations—Lexicon
(Leipzig: Brockhaus Verlag, 1908), 338–9.

7
. Uwe Danker, “Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,” in Richard J. Evans,
The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History
(London: Routledge, 1988), 75–107.

8
. Victor Klemperer,
LTI [Lingua, Tertii, Imperii]: Notizbuch eines Philologen
(Leipzig: Reclam, 1985), 168–70; Martin Brady (trans.),
The Language of the Third Reich
(London: Continuum, 2002), 172–3; and Josephus, trans. G. A. Williamson,
The Jewish War
(London: Penguin, 1978). According to the librarians of the Augustus Bibliothek, in Wolfenbüttel, the book first entered the German university system in Lübeck (1475) and was later translated into German.

9
. Alfred Andersch,
Der Vater eines Mörders
(Zurich: Diogenes, 1980), 38.

10
. Heinrich Clementz,
Geschichte des Judischen Krieges
, (1900), republished (Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1997).

11
.
Table Talk
, 253.

12
. Martin Van Creveld,
On Future War
(London: Brassey’s, 1991), 129.

13
. Richard Overy,
Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite
(London: Allen Lane, 2002), 482 and 486.

14
.
Der Grosse Brockhaus, Handbuch des Wissens
(Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1929), 273.

15
. Philip W. Blood, “Bandenbekämpfung, Nazi Occupation Security in Eastern Europe and Soviet Russia, 1942–45,” (PhD diss., Cranfield University, 2001).

16
. Philip W. Blood, “Kurt Daluege and the Militarisation of the Ordnungspolizei,” in Gerrard Oram (ed.),
Conflict and Legality: Policing Mid-Twentieth Century Europe
(London, Francis Boutle, 2003).

1
. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison States,”
American Journal of Sociology
46, (1941), 455–68; and “The Garrison-State Hypothesis Today,” in Samuel P. Huntington (ed.),
Changing Patterns of Military Politics
(New York: Free Press, 1962), 51–70.

2
. Gordon A. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), 52–3.

3
. Hans-Ulrich Wehler,
The German Empire 1871–1918
(Warwickshire: Berg, 1985), 57–8.

4
. Alfred Vagts,
A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military
(Toronto: Meridian, 1959), 382.

5
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 252–3.

6
. Jeffrey Verhey,
The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilisation in Germany
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

7
. John Shy, “Jomini,” in Peter Paret (ed.),
Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 143–85.

8
. Michael Howard,
War in European History
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 96.

9
. Crane Brinton, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, “Jomini,” in Edward Mead Earle (ed.),
Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 77–92.

10
. Edwin A. Pratt,
The Rise of Rail Power, In War and Conquest
(London: P. S. King, 1915); and Martin van Creveld,
Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

11
. Albert von Boguslawski,
Der kleine Krieg und seine Bedeutung für die Gegenwart
(Berlin: Luckardt, 1881). The lectures presented to the German Military Society in Posen in 1880.

12
. Lonsdale Hale, “Partisan warfare,”
Journal of the Royal United Services Institute
30 (1885), 135–64.

13
. Ibid., 137.

14
. Francis Lieber, “Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War,” was written at the request of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck (August 1862). For a broader study of Lieber and his work, see Richard Shelly Hartigan,
Lieber’s Code and the Law of War
(Chicago: Precedent, 1983).

15
. Ian F. W. Beckett,
Encyclopaedia of Guerrilla Warfare
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1999), ix.

16
. J. H. Morgan,
The War Book of the German General Staff: Being “The Usages of War on Land,” Issued by the Great General Staff of the German Army
(New York: McBride, Nast, 1915).

17
. Ernst Fraenkel,
Military Occupation and the Rule of Law
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1944).

18
. Morgan,
The German War Book
, 64.

19
. Manfred Botzenhart, “French Prisoners of War in Germany, 1870–71,” in Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler (eds.),
On the Road to Total War
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 588.

20
. Geoffrey Best,
Humanity in Warfare
, (London: Routledge, 1980), 194.

21
. Alon Confino,
The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany and National Memory, 1871–1918
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1997).

22
. Theodor Lindner,
Der Krieg gegen Frankreich
(Berlin: Asher, 1895), 42.

23
. Ibid., 77.

24
. Ibid., 43.

25
. Mark Stoneman, “The Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–1871: A Cultural Interpretation,”
War in History
8 (2001), 271–93.