Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 (156 page)

68 
Deuerlein,
Aufstieg
, pp. 269–79 (quotes on pp. 270, 271, 272). On the “long wait” for Hitler see the diaries of R. Buttmann, entry for 9 March 1925; BayHStA München, Nl Buttmann 83. The
Völkischer Beobachter
of 11 March 1927 carried a relatively short report on the meeting because the stenographer had lost her notes (Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 884, pp. 179–81). See also Konrad Heiden,
Adolf Hitler: Das Zeitalter der Verantwortungslosigkeit. Eine Biographie
, Zurich, 1936, p. 226.

69 
For the figures see Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 94, 96, 99, pp. 221, 227, 235. The quote in ibid., p. 235n3.

70 
Ibid., doc. 94, 121, pp. 252, 371 (dated 16 Dec. 1925 and 11 April 1926).

71 
Ibid., doc. 128, p. 397 (dated 17 April 1926).

72 
Ibid., doc. 48, 94, pp. 87, 250.

73 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 1, doc. 104, p. 265 (dated 13 April 1927); Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 2: Vom Weimarer Parteitag bis zur Reichstagswahl Juli 1926–Mai 1928. Part 2: August 1927–Mai 1928
, ed. and annotated Bärbel Dusik, Munich, 1992, doc. 258, pp. 779, 789 (dated 17 April 1928).

74 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 112, p. 354 (dated 18 March 1926); vol. 2, part 2, doc. 199, p. 560 (dated 27 Nov. 1927), doc. 224, p. 654 (dated 26 Jan. 1928); Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 3: Zwischen den Reichstagswahlen Juli 1928–September 1930. Part 1: Juli 1928–Februar 1929
, ed. Bärbel Dusik and Klaus A. Lankheit with Christian Hartmann, Munich, 1993, p. 21 (dated 13 July 1928): “Look at our culture: Negro dancing, the jimmy [i.e. shimmy], jazz bands, pathetic cubism, Dadaism, butchered literature, wretched theatre, terrible cinema, cultural devastation as far as you can see.”

75 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 61, p. 145 (dated 15 Aug. 1925).

76 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 26, p. 57 (dated 25 March 1925), doc. 145, p. 475 (dated 22 May 1926); vol. 2, part 1, doc. 152, p. 395 (dated 26 June 1927). On the crass anti-Semitism Goebbels propagated in
Der Angriff
, which began appearing weekly in 1927, see Longerich,
Goebbels
, pp. 90–2. Goebbels’s hate campaign was directed above all against Berlin Police Vice President Dr. Bernhard Weiss, who was defamed as “Isidor Weiss.” See Dietz Bering,
Kampf um Namen: Bernhard Weiss gegen Joseph Goebbels
, Stuttgart, 1991, p. 241ff.

77 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 146, p. 369 (dated 13 June 1927); vol. 2, part 2, doc. 235, p. 674 (dated 24 Feb. 1928).

78 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 103, pp. 297–330 (quotes on pp. 298, 315, 318, 319f., 325). See Werner Jochmann,
Im Kampf um die Macht: Hitlers Rede vor dem Hamburger Nationalklub von 1919
, Frankfurt am Main, 1960; Manfred Asendorf, “Hamburger Nationalklub, Keppler-Kreis, Arbeitsstelle Schacht und der Aufstieg Hitlers,” in
1999: Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
, 2 (1987), pp. 106–50, particularly pp. 107–13; see also Kershaw,
Hitler: Hubris
, pp. 286f. Hitler also avoided any anti-Semitic statements and held “a moderate and tedious speech” when addressing Rhineland industrialists in the Hotel Düsseldorfer Hof in Königswinter on 1 Dec. 1926. Notes of Wilhelm Breucker dated 22 Oct. 1956; IfZ München, ZS 1193.

79 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 80, p. 158 (dated 20 Feb. 1927). The above quotations ibid., doc. 94, p. 225 (dated 30 March 1927); doc. 62, p. 111 (dated 1 Jan. 1927).

80 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 57, p. 136 (dated 15 July 1925), doc. 78, p. 202 (dated 8 Oct. 1925), doc. 147, p. 466 (dated 30 May 1926).

81 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 2, doc. 168, p. 495 (dated 21 Aug. 1927).

82 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 94, p. 240 (dated 16 Dec. 1925); vol. 2, part 1, doc. 7, pp. 19f. (dated 4 July 1926).

83 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 1, doc. 83, p. 167 (dated 6 March 1927); doc. 102, p. 247 (dated 9 April 1927).

84 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 2, doc. 197, p. 559 (dated 24 Nov. 1927); doc. 230, p. 662 (dated 1 Feb. 1928).

85 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 136, p. 418 (dated 22 April 1926); doc. 94, p. 261 (dated 16 Dec. 1925).

86 
Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, pp. 168–73 (quotation on p. 173).

87 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 1/3, p. 103 (entry for 16 Oct. 1928).

88 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 1, doc. 78, pp. 199, 203 (dated 28 Oct. 1925).

89 
Hanfstaengl,
Zwischen Weissem und Braunem Haus
, p. 190.

90 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 1, doc. 92, p. 237 (dated 12 Dec. 1925); vol. 2, part 1, doc. 59, p. 106 (dated 18 Dec. 1926). See ibid., vol. 3, part 1, doc. 65, p. 350 (dated 11 Dec. 1928): “We intend to wage this struggle exactly the way the Prince of Peace has taught us.” At an SS meeting in Munich on 5 Dec. 1930 Hitler declared that in their political activities National Socialists “advocate principles for which Christ was once born and for which he was persecuted and crucified by the Jews.” Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 4: Von der Reichstagswahl bis zur Reichspräsidentenwahl Oktober 1930–März 1932. Part 1: Oktober 1930–Juni 1931
, ed. Constantin Goschler, Munich, 1993, doc. 38, p. 149.

91 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 18, p. 51 (dated 22 May 1925); vol. 2, part 2, doc. 190, p. 544 (dated 9 Nov. 1927), doc. 278, p. 844 (dated 19 May 1928).

92 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 129, p. 398 (dated 7 April 1926); vol. 2, part 1, doc. 140, p. 341 (dated 3 June 1927). For the idea of National Socialism as a political religion see Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich: A New History
, London, 2000, pp. 114–20; Herbst,
Hitlers Charisma
, pp. 196–8, 207. On Hitler’s appropriation of Christianity see Michael Rissman,
Hitlers Gott: Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewusstsein eines deutschen Diktators
, Zurich and Munich, 2001, pp. 29–33.

93 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 1, doc. 1, p. 3 (dated 26 Feb. 1925).

94 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 2, doc. 183, p. 515 (dated 30 Sept. 1927).

95 
Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, doc. 78d, pp. 203–5 (quote on p. 204). Also in Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 3, part 1, doc. 4, pp. 23–6.

96 
Hess,
Briefe
, p. 386 (dated 20 Nov. 1927).

97 
Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, no. 65, pp. 169, 171. See also Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 159, pp. 414f.

98 
Ibid., vol. 1, doc. 159, p. 482 (dated 24 June 1926). On the “Woltereck case” see Rösch,
Die Münchner NSDAP
, p. 206.

99 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 130, p. 321. On the Munich SA rebellion see Rösch,
Die Münchner NSDAP
, pp. 157–65.

100 
Hess,
Briefe
, p. 375 (dated 23 Jan. 1927). See Otto Wagener,
Hitler aus nächster Nähe: Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten 1929–1932
, ed. Henry A. Turner, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and Vienna, 1978, p. 44; Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, p. 148.

101 
Hanfstaengl,
Zwischen Weissem und Braunem Haus
, p. 182.

102 
Rudolf Herz,
Hoffmann & Hitler: Fotografie als Medium des Führer-Mythos
, Munich, 1994, pp.162–9 (quote on p. 163). See Claudia Schmölders,
Hitlers Gesicht: Eine physiognomische Biographie
, Munich, 2000, p. 106.

103 
Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, doc. 57b, p. 156 (dated 3 July 1926). In a letter to Rudolf Hess’s fiancée Ilse Pröhl, dated 16 Nov. 1927, Goebbels reported about a meeting with Hitler in Nuremberg the previous day: “What a man he is! I’m almost envious that you can be at his side all the time. We can all be proud of him.” BA Bern, Nl Hess, J1.211-1993/300, Box 5. See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 1/2, p. 291 (entry for 16 Nov. 1927): “He is fabulously clear in his vision.” On Goebbels’s propagation of the Führer cult see Thomas Friedrich,
Die missbrauchte Hauptstadt: Hitler und Berlin
, Berlin, 2007, pp. 200–4.

104 
Hess,
Briefe
, p. 386 (dated 20 Nov. 1927).

105 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 2, doc. 166, pp. 485–7 (quotation on p. 486).

106 
Report by the Reich Commissioner for Public Order on the NSDAP rally in Nuremberg on 19–21 Aug. 1927; Deuerlein,
Aufstieg
, pp. 279–85 (quotation on p. 280). See G. Feder’s diaries, vol. 9 (entry for 21 Aug. 1927): “The entire SA paraded by. Decorated with flowers, they cheered the Führer. Hitler must have felt that this was a great hour.” IfZ München, ED 874. Similar, Goebbels,
Tagebücher,
part 1, vol. 1/2, p. 258 (entry for 22 Aug. 1927). The programme for the rally is in BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 26/390.

107 
Daniel Siemens,
Horst Wessel: Tod und Verklärung eines Nationalsozialisten
, Berlin, 2009; p. 72.

108 
Tyrell,
Führer befiehl
, doc. 68d, p. 185.

109 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 2, doc. 181, p. 514, doc. 216, p. 595, doc. 264, p. 794.

110 
Rudolf Hess to his parents, 9 June 1925; BA Bern, Nl Hess, J1.211-1989/148, 35. See Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 1, doc. 52, p. 103; ibid., doc. 135, p. 416 (dated 22 April 1926).

111 
Ibid., vol. 2, part 2, doc. 11/12, p. 583 (dated 2 Jan. 1928). On Strasser’s party reform see Kissenkoetter,
Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP
, pp. 34–40.

112 
On this framework see Herbst,
Hitlers Charisma
, pp. 244f.; Rösch,
Die Münchner NSDAP
, pp. 133–7. On the Fighting League for German Culture see Martynkewicz,
Salon Deutschland
, pp. 439ff.

113 
On the concept of the “war youth generation” see Ulrich Herbert, “ ‘Generation der Sachlichkeit’: Die völkische Studentenbewegung der frühen zwanziger Jahre,” in Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe and Uwe Lohalm (eds),
Zivilisation und Barbarei: Die widersprüchlichen Potentiale der Moderne
, Hamburg, 1991, pp. 115–44.

114 
For more on Himmler and the development of the SS see Peter Longerich,
Heinrich Himmler: Biographie
, Munich, 2008, pp. 18–125.

115 
See Stefan Frech,
Wegbereiter Hitlers? Theodor Reismann-Grone: Ein völkischer Nationalist 1863–1949
, Paderborn, 2009, pp. 263–7, 285f. On Hitler’s speech of 18 June 1926, see Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 1, doc. 157, pp. 478–89 (quotation on p. 480). See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 1/2, p. 97 (entry for 19 June 1926): “Yesterday Hitler spoke to industrialists in Essen. Fabulous!…Hitler is up to all his tasks.”

116 
Hess,
Briefe
, p. 380 (dated 27 April 1927). On Hitler’s speech of 27 April 1927 see Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 1, doc. 112, pp. 285f.

117 
Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen
, vol. 2, part 2, doc. 174, pp. 501–9 (quotations on pp. 508, 505). Further, see Henry A. Turner,
Die Grossunternehmer und der Aufstieg Hitlers
, Berlin, 1986, pp. 113–15; Martynkewicz,
Salon Deutschland
, pp. 435–7; Käfer, “Hitlers frühe Förderer,” pp. 64f. Later Hitler reported that after their conversation Kirdorf had “paid almost all the party’s debts and got it back on its feet.” Albert Speer,
Spandauer Tagebücher
, Munich, 2002, p. 123 (entry for 20 Oct. 1947). See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/2, p. 252 (entry for 15 Nov. 1936).

118 
Quoted in Turner,
Grossunternehmer
, p. 111. In a letter to his son Hermann on 29 Nov. 1927, Reusch wrote: “I cannot say that I discovered much intellectual about [Hitler’s ideas].” Christian Marx,
Paul Reusch und die Gutehoffnungshütte: Leitung eines deutschen Grossunternehmens
, Göttingen, 2013, p. 321.

119 
Rudolf Hess to his parents, 14 Dec. 1927; BA Bern, Nl Hess, J1.211-1989/148, 39.

120 
Kirdorf to Hitler, 8 Aug. 1929; quoted in Dirk Stegmann, “Zum Verhältnis von Grossindustrie und Nationalsozialismus 1930–1933,” in
Archiv für Sozialgeschichte,
13 (1973), pp. 399–482 (quotation on p. 414). In a letter congratulating Kirdorf on his 87th birthday on 8 April 1934, Hitler thanked him again for his contribution to the “revival of our German people and empire.” BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 10/123. When Kirdorf died on 13 July 1938, Hitler took part in his funeral. See daily diaries of Max Wünsche, dated 13, 14 and 16 July 1938; BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 10/125.