Read Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 Online
Authors: Volker Ullrich
Tags: #Europe, #Biography & Autobiography, #History, #Presidents & Heads of State, #Historical, #Germany
105
Quoted in Ulrich and Ziemann,
Frontalltag
, p. 204.
106
Hitler,
Monologe
, p. 100 (dated 21/22 Oct. 1941). See Weber,
Hitler’s First War
, pp. 218, 219.
107
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 221.
108
For a summary see Hans-Joachim Neumann and Henrik Eberle,
War Hitler krank? Ein abschliessender Befund
, Bergisch-Gladbach, 2009, pp. 42–8.
109
Hitler to an unknown “Herr Doktor,” 29 Nov. 1921; Hitler,
Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen
, no. 325, p. 526. Facsimile in Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur
, pp. 92–4. See Hitler’s testimony in front of Munich Court I, 26 Feb. 1924: “For a short time, I was completely blind and didn’t think I would ever be able to see again…Over the course of my treatment, my condition improved to the point that when I was released from the field hospital I could at least read large headlines.”
Der Hitler-Prozess 1924
, vol. 1, p. 19.
110
This is suggested in Bernhard Horstmann,
Hitler in Pasewalk: Die Hypnose und ihre Folgen
, Düsseldorf, 2004 (quotation on p. 113).
111
Quoted in Uwe Lohalm,
Völkischer Radikalismus: Die Geschichte des Deutschvölkischen Schutz- und Trutzbundes 1919–1923
, Hamburg, 1970, p. 53.
112
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, pp. 221–5. See also Hitler’s testimony in front of Munich Court I, 26 Feb. 1924: “On 9 November (1918) it became clear to me, and that night I made my decision: the vacillations in my life between whether to go into politics or remain an architect came to an end. That night I decided that, if I got my vision back, I would turn to politics.”
Der Hitler-Prozess 1924
, p. 21.
113
Ernst Deuerlein,
Hitler: Eine politische Biographie
, Munich, 1969, p. 40.
4
The Leap into Politics
1
Adolf Hitler,
Monologe im Führerhauptquartier 1941–1944: Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims
, ed. Werner Jochmann, Hamburg, 1980, p. 234 (dated 25/26 Jan. 1942).
2
See Anton Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur einer Biographie: Adolf Hitler 1908–1920
, Munich, 1989, p. 187; Othmar Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren: Hitlers prägende Jahre im deutschen Militär 1918–1920
, Paderborn, 2013, p. 29.
3
See Bernhard Grau,
Kurt Eisner 1867–1919: Eine Biographie,
Munich, 2001, pp. 343ff.
4
Wilhelm Herzog,
Menschen, denen ich begegnete
, Bern and Munich, 1959, pp. 67 f.
5
See Grau,
Kurt Eisner
, pp. 388ff.
6
Michael Epkenhans, “ ‘Wir als deutsches Volk sind doch nicht klein zu kriegen…’: Aus den Tagebüchern des Fregattenkapitäns Bogislav von Selchow 1918/19,” in
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 55 (1996), p. 202.
7
Quoted in Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur
, p. 190. In November 1929, Hitler declared: “I did not support that revolution for a second.” Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 3, Part 2: März 1929–Dezember 1929,
ed. and annotated by Klaus A. Lankheit, Munich, New Providence, London and Paris, 1994, doc. 93, p. 436. Joachim Riecker (
Hitlers 9. November: Wie der Erste Weltkrieg zum Holocaust führte
, Berlin, 2009, p. 49) offers no evidence for his statement that Hitler “was initially positive towards the revolution.”
8
Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf. Vol. 1: Eine Abrechnung
, 7th edition, Munich, 1933, p. 226.
9
Franz J. Bauer (ed.):
Die Regierung Eisner 1918/19: Ministerratsprotokolle und Dokumente
, Düsseldorf, 1987, no. 40b, p. 246 (dated 3 Jan. 1919). The
Münchener Neueste Nachrichten
newspaper wrote of a “dance pandemic”; quoted in Martin H. Geyer,
Verkehrte Welt: Revolution, Inflation und Moderne. München 1914–1924
, Göttingen, 1998, p. 72. On the phenomenon of the “dance craze” during the November revolution, see also Volker Ullrich,
Die Revolution von 1918/19
, Munich, 2009, pp. 42f.
10
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 226. On the stay in Traunstein and the date of the return to Munich, see Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 34–6 (page 33 contains a photo of Hitler together with Ernst Schmidt in the Traunstein training camp).
11
See ibid., pp. 37–41.
12
Quoted in Friedrich Hitzer,
Anton Graf Arco: Das Attentat auf Kurt Eisner und die Schüsse im Landtag
, Munich, 1988, p. 391.
13
Quoted in Michaela Karl,
Die Münchner Räterepublik: Porträts einer Revolution
, Düsseldorf, 2008, p. 108.
14
Ralf Höller,
Der Anfang, der ein Ende war: Die Revolution in Bayern 1918/19
, Berlin, 1999, p. 193.
15
Harry Graf Kessler,
Das Tagebuch. Vol 7: 1919–1923
, ed. Angela Reinthal with Janna Brechmacher and Christoph Hilse, Stuttgart, 2007, p. 222 (entry for 5 April 1919).
16
On the Freikorps of Ritter von Epp, see the brochure and newspaper clipping collection in BA Koblenz, N 1101/34. Upon Epp’s discharge from the Reichswehr in October 1923, Bavarian state premier Eugen von Knilling thanked the general for his “courageous intervention in liberating Munich from the hands of Bolshevism.” Knilling went on: “Your services are part of history and represent an honourable page that shines out from the darkness of recent years.” E. v. Knilling to Ritter von Epp, 31 Oct. 1923; BA Koblenz, N 1101/43a.
17
Erich Mühsam,
Tagebücher 1910–1924
, ed. and with an afterword by Chris Hirte, Munich, 1994, p. 191 (entry for 7 May 1919).
18
Konrad Heiden,
Adolf Hitler: Das Zeitalter der Verantwortungslosigkeit
.
Eine Biographie
, p. 64. In his 1933 autobiography,
Eine Jugend in Deutschland
, Ernst Toller reported that during a period of incarceration, a fellow prisoner told of meeting Hitler in a Munich barracks in the first months of the republic. “Back then, Hitler declared he was a Social Democrat,” the man allegedly said. Ernst Toller,
Prosa, Briefe, Dramen, Gedichte
, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1961, p. 165.
19
See Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur,
p. 204, who puts the vote in mid-February 1919. Ralf Georg Reuth (
Hitlers Judenhass: Klischee und Wirklichkeit
, Munich and Zurich, 2009, p. 89) reaches a similar conclusion, writing that the “government soldier Adolf Hitler” was an “adherent of Social Democracy” in late February and March 1919. Plöckinger (
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 42–6) correctly rejects this assertion as untenable.
20
Bauer,
Die Regierung Eisner
, introduction, p. lxi.
21
Hitler,
Monologe
, p. 248 (dated 1 Feb. 1942).
22
Joachim Fest,
Hitler: Eine Biographie
, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and Vienna, 1973, p. 123. Ian Kershaw,
Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris
, London, 1998, p. 120, also writes of “sheer opportunism.” Ludolf Herbst (
Hitlers Charisma: Die Erfindung eines deutschen Messias
, Frankfurt am Main, 2010) characterises Hitler’s stance as “wait and see” (p. 96) adding, “Hitler skilfully manoeuvred his way through a political difficult time” (p. 99).
23
See Ralf Georg Reuth,
Hitler: Eine Biographie
, Munich and Zurich, 2003, p. 78f.; Thomas Weber
, Hitler’s First War: Adolf Hitler, the Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War
, Oxford and New York, p. 251. Contrary to this, Plöckinger (
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 43) describes Hitler’s participation in the funeral procession as “less than likely.”
24
Quoted in John Toland,
Adolf Hitler:
Volume 1
, New York, 1976, p. 85.
25
See Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur
, p. 213f.; Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 48f. Reuth’s idea that Hitler became “a functionary in the gears of global Communist revolution” (
Hitlers Judenhass
, p. 94) is completely off-base.
26
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 226. Plöckinger expresses well-founded doubts about this version in
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 57, 64f.
27
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 227.
28
Quoted in Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur
, p. 214. See also the investigating committee’s report about Georg Dufter dated 4 June 1919 in Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 344f.
29
See Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 100.
30
Joachimsthaler,
Korrektur
, p. 225.
31
Hellmuth Auerbach, “Hitlers politische Lehrjahre und die Münchner Gesellschaft 1919–1923,” in
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 25 (1977), p. 18.
32
As found in Karl Mayr’s anonymous article in the U.S. magazine
Current History
, “I was Hitler’s Boss: By a former officer of the Reichswehr,” Nov. 1941, p. 193. For a critical perspective see Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 102n11.
33
Ernst Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr,” in
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte,
7 (1959), p. 179.
34
See Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 103f., 108. Here the author corrects the position he previously held: see Othmar Plöckinger, “Adolf Hitler als Hörer an der Universität München im Jahr 1919: Zum Verhältnis zwischen Reichswehr und Universität,” in Elisabeth Kraus (ed.),
Die Universität München im Dritten Reich: Aufsätze
, vol. 2, Munich, 2008, pp. 13–47.
35
The programme for the first course can be found in Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt,” doc. 2, pp. 191f. For the third course’s speakers see Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 108–10.
36
Diary of Gottfried Feder, vol. 1 (entries for 6 June and July 1919), IfZ München, ED 874. For Feder’s theories see Reuth,
Hitlers Judenhass
, pp. 158–61; Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 263–5.
37
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 229.
38
Karl Alexander von Müller,
Mars und Venus: Erinnerungen 1914–1918
, Stuttgart, 1954, p. 338.
39
Ibid., pp. 338f. See also Müller’s notes, “Berührungen mit der NSDAP,” about the two lectures, Karl Mayr and his “curious protégé”; BayHStA München, Nl K. A. v. Müller 101.
40
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 243. For something similar see Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 4: Von der Reichstagswahl bis zur Reichspräsidentenwahl Oktober 1930–März 1932. Part 2: Juli 1931–Dezember 1931
, ed. Christian Hartmann, Munich, 1996, doc. 80, p. 250 (entry for 4 April 1931).
41
Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt,” doc. 4, p. 196f.; see Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 113–19 (see p. 120 for a facsimile of the handwritten list of participants in Walther Bendt’s “educational commando”).
42
See Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 123f.
43
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, p. 235.
44
Orderly Lorenz Frank on 23 Aug. 1919 in Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt,” doc. 9, p. 200. Other voices in Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 128.
45
Report by First Lieutenant Bendt on 21 Aug. 1919 in Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt,” doc. 7, p. 199.
46
See Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 194ff., 210ff.
47
Quoted in Dirk Walter,
Antisemitische Kriminalität und Gewalt: Judenfeindschaft in der Weimarer Republik
, Bonn, 1999, p. 55.
48
Quoted in Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, p. 330.
49
Münchener Neueste Nachrichten
from 14 Nov. 1919; quoted in Hans-Günter Richardi,
Hitler und seine Hintermänner: Neue Fakten zur Frühgeschichte der NSDAP
, Munich, 1991, p. 81.
50
For the anti-Semitic pamphlets available in libraries and reading rooms for troops see Plöckinger,
Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren
, pp. 218ff, 251ff.
51
Report by First Lieutenant Bendt dated 21 Aug. 1919; Deuerlein, “Hitlers Eintritt,” doc. 7, p. 199. In Landsberg Prison in June 1924, Hitler told Rudolf Hess that he had “only arrived at his current stance on the Jewish question after some serious internal conflicts.” Rudolf Hess,
Briefe 1908–1933
, ed. Rüdiger Hess, Munich and Vienna, 1987, pp. 334f. (dated 11 June 1924).