History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (71 page)

14
. Nixon,
The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
, 395.

15
. Ibid., 395, 410.

16
. Yergin,
The Prize
, 566, 644.

17
. Correlation between Lord Lansdowne’s statement and Carter’s made in ibid., 702.

18
. Carter quoted in Papp, Johnson, and Endicott,
American Foreign Policy
, 175.

19
. Percentages of defense spending from U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2007
, 47, 49–50.

20
. Reagan quoted in Chester Pach, “The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2006): 79; Reagan’s State of the Union quoted in Kegley and Wittkopf,
American Foreign Policy
, 117.

21
. Pach, “The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy,” 79.

22
. Lincoln quoted in Schlesinger,
The Imperial Presidency
, 42.

23
. Nancy Kassop, “The War Power and Its Limits,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2003): 511–13.

24
. Singer,
The President of Good and Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush
, 180–81; Glenn Kessler, “U.S. Decision on Iraq Has Puzzling Past,”
Washington Post
, January 12, 2003.

25
. Coyle,
Ordeal of the Presidency
, 14.

26
. For the text on Washington’s proclamation, see Rhodehamel,
George Washington: Writings
, 840.

27
. Coyle,
Ordeal of the Presidency
, 13.

28
. Knox quoted in ibid., 20; Jefferson quoted in Smith,
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
, 2:944; anecdote of Adams and the War Department from Coyle,
Ordeal of the Presidency
, 17.

29
. Kastor,
The Louisiana Purchase: Emergence of an American Nation
, 58–60.

30
. Kukla,
A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America
, 280, 305.

31
. Kastor,
The Louisiana Purchase: Emergence of an American Nation
, 183–85.

32
. Jefferson quoted in Risjord,
Thomas Jefferson
, 147. See also Rodrigues,
The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographic Encyclopedia
.

33
. Hagedorn,
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
, 20:501.

34
. TR quoted in Hagedorn,
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
, 20:503; Dalton,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life
, 255.

35
.
Evening Post
quoted in Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
, 98.

36
. Oliver and White,
Selected Speeches from American History
, 250–51; Dear,
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 680–82.

37
. For more detail on the implementation of Lend-Lease, see Dawson,
The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941
; Kimball,
The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941
.

38
. Truman,
Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman
, 233.

39
. George Bush, “Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz,” U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Germany, 1989,
http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga6–890531.htm
.

40
. Nash,
The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957–1963
, 1–3.

41
. Frankel,
High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis
, 14–15; Eubank,
The Missile Crisis in Cuba
, 21–24.

42
. Sorensen,
Kennedy
, 676–85; see also Kennedy,
Thirteen Days
.

43
. Kennedy,
Thirteen Days
, 97; Frankel,
High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis
, 163.

44
. Nixon quoted in Reeves,
President Nixon: Alone in the White House
, plate 9; Moorer quoted in Strober and Strober,
The Nixon Presidency: An Oral History of the Era
, 428.

45
. Macmillan,
Nixon and Mao
, xix.

46
. Mann,
About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China
, 28.

47
. Nixon quoted in Macmillan,
Nixon and Mao
, 3.

48
. Mann,
About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China
, 45.

49
. Quandt,
Camp David: Peace Making and Politics
, 235.

50
. Ibid., 222.

51
. Kaufman,
The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr.
, 119.

52
. Ibid., 117; Quandt,
Camp David: Peace Making and Politics
, 222.

53
. Haig quoted in Strober and Strober,
Reagan: The Man and His Presidency
, 571.

54
. Gennadi Gerasimov quoted in ibid., 347.

55
. Brownlee and Graham,
The Reagan Presidency
, 144.

56
. Ridgeway quoted in Strober and Strober,
Reagan: The Man and His Presidency
, 357.

57
. Barilleaux and Rozell,
Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
, 125; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 234–35; Parmet,
George Bush: Life of a Lone Star Yankee
, 385.

58
. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz,” U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Germany, 1989,
http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga6–890531.htm
.

59
. Kohl quoted in Barilleaux and Rozell,
Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
, 123.

60
. Madison quoted in David Gray Adler, “Presidential Greatness as an Attribute of Warmaking,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2003): 468.

61
. Roosevelt quoted in Singer,
Campaign Speeches of American Presidential Candidates, 1928–1972
, 129.

62
. Kaufman,
Arms Control During the Pre-Nuclear Era
, 190; Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
, 352.

63
. Linderman,
The World Within War: America’s Combat Experience in World War II
, 39; Krivosheev,
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
, 88; Sorge,
The Other Price of Hitler’s War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II
, 65.

64
. Smith,
The War’s Long Shadow
, 82.

65
. Vandiver,
How America Goes to War
, 22. For details on U.S. opposition to the war with Mexico, see Schroeder,
Mr. Polk’s War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848
.

66
. Hogan,
Hiroshima in History and Memory
, 60. War Minister Anami quoted in Maddox,
Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later
, 148.

67
. McCullough,
Truman
, 376.

68
. For a detailed chronology of Japan’s switch from aggressive defense to capitulation, see Feis,
Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific
. For a balanced historiography of the use of the atomic devices, both for and against, see Walker,
Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan
.

69
. National Archives and Records Administration,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman
, 212.

70
. Newman,
Truman and the Hiroshima Cult
, 2–7; Toland,
The Rising Sun
, 830; Astor,
Operation Iceberg
, 508; Hogan,
Hiroshima in History and Memory
, 60; War Minister Anami quoted in Maddox,
Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later
, 148.

71
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 435.

72
. U.S. Department of Defense,
Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: The Final Report to the U.S. Congress
, app. P.

73
. Bush and Scowcroft
, A World Transformed
, 464.

74
. John L. Offner, “McKinley and the Spanish-American War,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2004): 51.

75
. Ibid., 57.

76
. Ibid.

77
. Williams,
The History of American Wars: From 1745 to 1918
, 382.

78
. Wilson quoted in Cooper,
The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt
, 322.

79
. Kendrick A. Clements, “Woodrow Wilson and World War I,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2004): 68.

80
. Davies,
Heart of Europe
, 112–13; Howard, “The Legacy of the First World War,” 38; Kitchen,
Europe Between the Wars: A Political History
, 22–24; see also Kendrick A. Clements, “Woodrow Wilson and World War I,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2004).

81
. Pach and Richardson,
The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, 45–46.

82
. Perret,
Eisenhower
, 455.

83
. U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2007
, 314–15.

84
. Palmer,
Stoddert’s War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1801
, 5.

85
. Ibid., 235.

86
. See also DeConde,
The Quasi War
.

87
. TR quoted in David Gray Adler, “Presidential Greatness as an Attribute of Warmaking,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2003): 471.

88
. TR quoted in Miller,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Life
, 479.

89
. Ibid., 480–81.

90
. Van Sant, Mauch, and Sugita,
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan Relations
, 13; TR quoted in Miller,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Life
, 482.

91
. Reagan quoted in Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
, 339.

92
. Ibid., 448–49.

93
. Schaller,
Reckoning with Reagan
, 138–39.

94
. Reagan quoted in Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
, 654.

95
. LBJ quoted in Anthony,
First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents’ Wives and Their Power
, 2:133.

96
. Fredrik Logevall, “Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2004): 100.

97
. LBJ quoted in Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
, 252–53.

98
. Logevall, “Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam,” 101.

99
. Davidson, “How We Lost the War,” 335.

100
. Nixon quoted in Reeves,
President Nixon: Alone in the White House
, 142; Kissinger quoted in Herring,
America’s Longest War
, 221.

101
. Reeves,
President Nixon: Alone in the White House
, 143.

102
. Summers,
Vietnam War Almanac
, 227; Tucker,
Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
, 7.

103
. Fisher,
Presidential War Power
, 85; Truman quoted in Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman: A Life
, 329.

104
. Tucker,
Encyclopedia of American Military History
, 467–68; Morris,
Readings in American Military History,
276–79.

105
. Death tolls from Brogan,
World Conflicts
, 217.