History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (70 page)

90
. Truman quoted in Baker,
Back to Back: The Duel Between FDR and the Supreme Court
, 21.

91
. McCullough,
Truman
, 898–901.

92
. Schwartz,
A History of the Supreme Court
, 254.

93
. Ibid.

94
. Genovese,
The Supreme Court, the Constitution, and Presidential Power
, 264.

95
. Nixon,
The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
, 508; Justice Department restraining order quoted in Sheehan,
The Pentagon Papers
, x;
New York Times
editorial quoted in ibid., 653.

96
. Nixon,
The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
, 511; Abshire,
Triumphs and Tragedies of the Modern Presidency
, 287.

97
. Rosenberg and Karabell,
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes
, xi; Reeves,
President Nixon: Alone in the White House
, 505.

98
. Reagan quoted in Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 462.

99
.
School District of the City of Grand Rapids v. Ball
, 473 U.S. 373 (1985);
Thornburg v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
, 476 U.S. 747 (1986); Reagan, State of the Union Address, February 4, 1986.

100
. Biskupic and Witt,
Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
, 1:58–59.

101
.
Clinton v. Jones
, 520 U.S. 681 (1997). See also Rozell and Wilcox,
The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government
; and Mary E. Stuckey and Shannon Wabshall, “Sex, Lies, and Presidential Leadership,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2000): 514–33.

102
. Thomas,
Abraham Lincoln
, 302.

103
. Federalist Papers No. 74,
New York Packet
, March 25, 1788.

104
. Hogeland,
The Whiskey Rebellion
, 213; Slaughter,
The Whiskey Rebellion
, 217–19.

105
. Hogeland,
The Whiskey Rebellion
, 238; Slaughter,
The Whiskey Rebellion
, 218.

106
. For Hamilton’s involvement and reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion, see Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
, 475–78.

107
. Benedict,
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson
, 43.

108
. Johnson quoted in Peter Browning, “Amnesty for All,”
Nation,
January 15, 1977, 41.

109
. Russell,
The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding in His Times
, 462–63, 487.

110
. Nixon,
The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
, 658.

111
. Ford,
A Time to Heal
, 174.

112
. Ibid., 175.

113
. O’Neill quoted in Cannon,
Time and Chance: Gerald Ford’s Appointment with History
, 382.

114
. Ford quoted in ibid., 381.

115
. Ibid., 384–85.

116
. Browning, “Amnesty for All,” 39–41.

117
. David Shichor and Donald R. Ranish, “President Carter’s Vietnam Amnesty: An Analysis of a Public Policy Decision,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Summer 1980): 444.

118
. For a transcript of the first presidential debate between Ford and Carter, see Commission on the Presidential Debates,
The First Carter-Ford Presidential Debate,
at
www.debates.org/pages/trans76a.html
.

119
. Shichor and Ranish, “President Carter’s Vietnam Amnesty: An Analysis of a Public Policy Decision,” 443; Browning, “Amnesty for All: To Begin a New Life,” 39–42. See also Baskir and Strauss,
Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War and the Vietnam Generation
.

120
. Ronald Reagan, “Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller” (Austin: University of Texas Archives, 1981), at
www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/41581d.htm
.

121
. “Notes on People; Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon,”
New York Times
, April 30, 1981.

122
. Bush pardon in Kornbluh and Byrne,
The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History
, 374.

123
. Greene,
The Presidency of George Bush
, 26.

124
. Frank Newport and Joseph Carroll, Gallup poll: “Americans Generally Negative on Recent Presidential Pardons,”
www.gallup.com/poll/26830/americans-generally-negative-recent-presidential-pardons.aspx
(March 2007).

125
. George W. Bush, 2003 State of the Union Address,
http.white house.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128–19.html
.

126
. “Russert Says He Didn’t Give Libby Agent’s ID,”
CNN.com
, February 8, 2007,
www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/02/07/cia.leak/index.html
.

127
. George W. Bush, “Grant of Executive Clemency: A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America,” White House, July 2, 2007,
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702–4.html
. Bush’s clemency record in Texas from Adam Liptak, “For Libby, Bush Seemed to Alter His Texas Policy,”
International Herald Tribune,
July 7, 2007,
www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/08/america/08commute.php
.

128
. Garfield quoted in Peskin,
Garfield
, 593.

129
. For details on the evolution of White House security, see
Public Report of the White House Security Review
(Washington, DC: U.S. Treasury Department, 1995), and Seale,
The President’s House
.

130
. For more information on government assessments of presidential safety, see
Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations, U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, Second Session: Findings and Recommendations
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).

131
. Jackson quoted in Davis,
Old Hickory
, 345.

132
. Ibid., 345–46; Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845
, 228.

133
. Brands,
Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
, 503–5; Burstein,
The Passions of Andrew Jackson
, 202–3.

134
. Davis,
Old Hickory
, 345–46; Booth letter quoted in Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845
, 227.

135
. Weichmann,
A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the Conspiracy of 1865
, 148; Steers,
Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
, 104–5.

136
. Robert Todd Lincoln quoted in Baker,
Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography
, 321. Excerpt on Robert Todd Lincoln from Goff,
Robert Todd Lincoln: A Man in His Own Right
, 234.

137
. Peskin,
Garfield
, 583–86.

138
. Ibid., 588–89.

139
. Guiteau quoted in ibid., 592.

140
. Garfield quoted in ibid., 597.

141
. Ibid., 600–602.

142
. For an examination of the anarchist movement from 1890 to 1914, see Tuchman,
The Proud Tower
, 63–113.

143
. Czolgosz quoted in ibid., 106.

144
. McKinley quoted in Gould,
The Presidency of William McKinley
, 251.

145
. Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Dalton,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life
, 221; Czolgosz execution described in Grossman,
Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment
, 67–68.

146
. Calder,
The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945
, 27; Jakob B. Madsen, “Agricultural Crises and the International Transmission of the Great Depression,”
Journal of Economic History
(June 2001): 328.

147
. Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, 263–64.

148
. Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
, 87–88. Foley connection to McKinley shooting in Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, 264ff.

149
. Wagenheim,
Puerto Rico: A Profile
, 79–80.

150
. Truman,
Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman
, 94ff.

151
. McCullough,
Truman
, 810–11.

152
. Truman quoted in Hamby,
Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman
, 472.

153
. Nellie Connally’s account from U.S. Warren Commission,
Report of the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
, 62–63.

154
.
New York Times
editor quoted in Harrison E. Salisbury, “An Introduction to the Warren Commission Report,” in ibid., xvi.

155
. U.S. Warren Commission,
Report of the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy,
177–83; Posner,
Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK
, 473–82.

156
. Posner,
Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK
, ix. For a list of questioned witnesses, see U.S. Warren Commission,
Report of the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy,
455–71.

157
. Fearey quoted in “Terrorism: ‘Growing and Increasingly Dangerous,’”
Newsweek
, September 29, 1975, 77.

158
. Fromme quoted in Clarke,
American Assassins
, 153.

159
. Ford quoted in “Ford on Stump”
Newsweek
, September 22, 1975, 19.

160
. Clarke,
American Assassins
, 161.

161
. Ibid., 156–62.

162
. National Archives and Records Administration,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Gerald R. Ford
, 1519.

163
. Moore quoted in Clarke,
American Assassins
, 165.

164
. Reagan quoted in Cannon,
Reagan
, 403.

165
. Morris,
Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan
, 428–29.

1
. Truman quoted in Lee Hamilton, “Congress and Foreign Policy,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Winter 1982): 133.

2
. Ford, “The Work of John Quincy Adams,” 40–48.

3
. Smith,
The Last Years on the Monroe Doctrine, 1945–1993
, 3, 24–25.

4
. TR quoted in Scholes,
United States Diplomatic History
, 2:13.

5
. TR quoted in Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
, 175.

6
. TR’s Colombia comments in Scholes,
United States Diplomatic History
, 13; Dominican Republic comment from Hagedorn,
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
, 20:496.

7
. TR on the Dominican Republic quoted in Hagedorn,
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
, 20:176; TR’s comment on Cuba in Scholes,
United States Diplomatic History
, 2:14.

8
. Scholes,
United States Diplomatic History
, 2:194–97.

9
. Eisenhower quoted in Kegley and Wittkopf,
American Foreign Policy,
43.

10
. Pach and Richardson,
The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, 90; Kelly,
The National Debt: From FDR (1941) to Clinton (1996)
, 82–83.

11
. Humphrey quoted in Pach and Richardson,
The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, 161.

12
. For the final draft of the 1964 Democratic Convention Platform, see Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 43.

13
. Herring,
America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam
, 71–72; Gordon Gray memorandum, September 14, 1959, Eisenhower Papers, “Cleanup” File Box 5.