Henry VIII's Last Victim (60 page)

5
Quotations from Ives,
Anne Boleyn
(1986), pp. 51–2.

6
The Letters of King Henry VIII
, p. 82.

7
See MacCulloch,
Thomas Cranmer
, p. 41.

8
The Letters of King Henry VIII
, p. 86.

9
CSP Ven.
IV, 701.

10
Holinshed III, p. 719.

11
Ives,
Anne Boleyn
, p. 154.

12
CSP Sp.
IV i, 194, 211, 232.

13
It is not known exactly when Surrey travelled to Windsor. Chapuys’ letter detailing Norfolk’s plans for his son is dated 9 December 1529. By the end of April 1530 Henry Fitzroy had taken up residence at Windsor Castle and it is likely that Surrey joined him soon after.

14
Hall, p. 703.

15
Privy Purse Expences
, pp. 40, 131; Murphy,
Bastard Prince
, p. 127.

16
Dowling,
Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII
, p. 210;
CSP Ven.
III, 1037.

17
Memoir
, pp. xxi–xxiii, xxvii.

18
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 390v.

19
St. P.
IV, p. 386.

20
Memoir
, p. xlviii.

21
St. P.
IV, p. 408.

22
Memoir
, pp. xxxvii–xliii.

23
Bapst, p. 165.

24
CSP Sp.
IV i, 228.

25
Poems
, 27.

26
Memoir
, pp. 15–17.

27
See Nott, pp. 346–8.

28
Poems
, 27.

29
CSP Sp.
IV i, 270: Chapuys to Charles V, 16 March 1530, ‘[Norfolk’s]
eldest daughter . . . died yesterday of the plague at a house near here . . . it will be one of the greatest blows the Duke has ever received.’

30
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 778.

31
Bapst, p. 169.

32
Guy-Bray, ‘We Two Boys’, pp. 138–50.

33
The dating is suggested by J. Roberts,
Drawings by Holbein from the Court of Henry VIII
(Orlando, FL, 1987), p. 76.

34
CSP Sp.
IV i, 182.

35
Ibid., 232.

36
Ibid., 249.

37
Ibid. ii, 934. Anne may also have been prompted by rumours that she might marry Surrey herself. Miguel Mai, the Imperial ambassador to Rome, reported on 14 June 1530, ‘they say . . . that Boleyn [Anne’s father] desires to marry [Norfolk’s] son to Mistress Anne, which may be believed as being good for all parties; first for her, as she cannot marry the King, that she should marry the greatest Lord in the realm; and secondly, to the King, as he cannot marry her’ (
LP
IV iii, 6452). This may, however, have been no more than Imperial wishful thinking.

38
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 934.

39
CSP Ven.
IV, 694.

40
Harris,
English Aristocratic Women
, pp. 46–7.

41
Nott, pp. xxiii
f
.; 23 Hen. VIII, c. 29 (
Statutes of the Realm
, p. 410).

42
CSP Sp.
IV i, 481.

43
Vokes, ‘Early Career’, p. 305.

44
Wood,
Letters
II, p. 12.

45
See J. W. Harris, ‘John Bale: A Study in the Minor Literature of the Reformation’,
Illinois Studies in Language and Literature
, 25/4 (1940), pp. 68, 75, 100.

46
Pinchbeck and Hewitt,
Children in English Society
, p. 49.

47
No guest list has survived, but we know from his household accounts that the Earl of Rutland attended. HMC,
Report on the Manuscripts of His Grace The Duke of Rutland
IV (1905), p. 272. It is doubtful that Henry VIII was present at the ceremony, but a record of plate delivered from the Jewel House to the Earl and the Countess of Surrey probably refers to the King’s wedding present (
LP
V ii, 1711).

48
The Sarum Missal in English
, tr. F. E. Warren (2 vols., 1913), II, pp. 146–8.

49
Ibid., p. 158.

50
Privy Purse Expences
, pp. 252–3.

51
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 980.

52
LP
V ii, 1239.

53
CSP Ven.
IV, 802.

5 A Frenchman at Heart

1
HMC,
Report on the Manuscripts of The Most Honourable The Marquess of Bath
IV (1968), pp. 1–3.

2
Hall, p. 790.

3
Sessions (1999), pp. 87–8; Starkey,
Rivals in Power
, p. 31; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, plate 16.

4
‘The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne’, in
Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588
, intro. A. F. Pollard (1903), p. 6.

5
Ibid., p. 7.

6
Giustinian,
Four Years
I, pp. 90–1.

7
Ibid. II, p. 312.

8
LP
V ii, 1373.

9
Hall, p. 793.

10
Ibid.

11
‘The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne’, op. cit., p. 7.

12
CSP Ven.
IV, 822.

13
Entrevue De François Premier Avec Henry VIII à Boulogne-sur-Mer, en 1532
, ed. P. A. Hamy (Paris, 1898), p. xxx;
LP
V ii, 1538. See too
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 1023, 1028;
CSP Ven.
IV, 822.

14
CSP Ven.
IV, 795, 823;
St. P.
VII, p. 610. But for Francis’ denial that there had ever been such a suggestion, see
LP
VIII, 846.

15
LP
V ii, 1529; Murphy,
Bastard Prince
, p. 132.

16
Hall, p. 794.

17
BL Cottonian MS Caligula E II, fo. 192.

18
Ibid.

19
CSP Ven.
V, 1036. For the dreadful weather, see Starkey,
Six Wives
, p. 471.

20
BL Cottonian MS Caligula E II, fo. 192; Bapst, p. 184.

21
Pierre de Brantôme quoted by Bapst, p. 185.

22
L. Frieda,
Catherine de Medici
(2003), pp. 37–9.

23
Ibid., p. 40.

24
Smith,
Henry VIII
, p. 70.

25
St. P.
VIII, p. 500.

26
The Travel Journal of Antonio de Beatis
, pp. 164–8.

27
N. M. Sutherland, ‘Parisian Life in the Sixteenth Century’, in
French Humanism, 1470–1600
, ed. W. L. Gundersheimer (1969), p. 59;
St. P.
XI, p. 230.

28
N. M. Sutherland, op. cit., pp. 61–2.

29
LP
VI i, 692.

30
The Travel Journal of Antonio de Beatis
, p. 107.

31
LP
IV i, 606; Knecht,
Francis I
, note on p. 428.

32
Smith,
Henry VIII
, p. 70.

33
Wilson,
In the Lion’s Court
, pp. 239–40.

34
Hall, p. 597.

35
CSP Sp.
VI ii, 127.

36
The Legend of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton
, ed. J. G. Nichols (1874), p. 3, stanza 10.

37
See C. H. Clough, ‘Francis I and the Courtiers of Castiglione’s
Courtier
’,
European Studies Review
, 8/1 (1978).

38
The Papers of George Wyatt Esquire
, ed. D. M. Loades, CS, 4th series, 5 (1968), p. 143.

39
R. J. Knecht,
The Lily and the Rose: French Influences on Tudor England
(Birmingham, 1987), unpaginated.

40
Knecht,
Francis I
, p. 268;
St. P.
XI, p. 230.

41
For the best account of Fontainebleau’s development under Francis I, see R. J. Knecht, ‘Francis I and Fontainebleau’,
The Court Historian
, 4/2 (1999).

42
For Francis’ itinerary, see
Catalogue des Actes de François I
^er
, vol. 8 (Paris, 1905), pp. 480–3. He was at Fontainebleau from 19 to 24 April 1533. Bapst (p. 186) claimed that Surrey and Richmond were at Fontainebleau for ‘a fairly long time’ and Padelford (
Poems
, p. 11) wrote that they enjoyed ‘a prolonged stay’ there. Sessions (1999, p. 99) stated that they were there for ‘probably a month or so before the King’ and that they, ‘with the Dauphin and his brothers’, greeted Francis on his arrival at Fontainebleau on 19 April. But none of these authors provides evidence to support their chronology. In fact, Marin Giustinian, the Venetian ambassador, reported on 12 March 1533 that ‘the King and the whole Court left Paris for Picardy’ (
CSP Ven.
IV, 862), and on 19 March he wrote from Soissons, north of Paris: ‘The most Christian King, with the Queen and the Dauphin and his other children, came to this city’ (
CSP Ven.
IV, 865). On their arrival in Paris Surrey and Richmond were treated as members of the royal household and shared the Dauphin’s private apartments. There is no reason to suggest that they would suddenly split from Francis and his children and go on ahead to Fontainebleau.

43
CSP Ven.
IV, 876.

44
Ibid., 895.

45
L. Romier, ‘Lyons and Cosmopolitanism at the Beginning of the French Renaissance’, in
French Humanism, 1470–1600
, ed. W. L. Gundersheimer (1969), pp. 108–9. For Lyonnaise women, see
The Travel Journal of Antonio de Beatis
, p. 139.

46
CSP Ven.
IV, 902.

47
Ibid., 868, 893.

48
24 Hen. VIII, c. 12 (
Statutes of the Realm
, pp. 427–9).

49
Ellis,
Original Letters
, 3rd Series II, p. 276.

50
St. P.
VII, pp. 473–9.

51
Ibid., pp. 479–80.

52
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 1072.

53
LP
VI i, 688.

54
BL Cottonian MS Caligula E II, fo. 196.

55
St. P.
VII, p. 481;
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 1101.

56
St. P.
VII, p. 493.

57
LP
VI ii, 1572.

58
CSP Sp.
IV ii, 1123.

59
CSP Ven.
IV, 973.

60
Sessions (1999), p. 105.

61
The Chronicle of Calais
, p. 44.

62
PRO SP 1/85, fo. 6.

63
PRO SP 1/213, fo. 49.

64
Herbert, p. 564.

65
Hall, p. 597.

66
King Henry the Eighth
(
All is True
), Act 1, scene 3, lines 1–37.

67
Peacham,
The Truth of Our Times
, pp. 201–2.

68
For Anne’s French education, see Starkey,
The Reign of Henry VIII
, pp. 92, 94.

69
St. P.
II, p. 276; VIII, p. 500;
LP
VII i, 9.

70
Edwardes,
De indiciis et praecognitionibus . . . Eiusdem in Anatomicen introductio luculenta et brevis
. See too the edition by O’Malley and Russell, esp. the introduction and pp. 53–4.

6 Bloody Days

1
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fos. 388, 392; Harris, ‘Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style’, p. 373.

2
For Bess’ jewels and apparel, see PRO LR 2/115, fos. 6v–7v, 21–22v.

3
Harris,
English Aristocratic Women
, pp. 82–6.

4
She was particularly obstructive over Mary’s marriage to the Duke of Richmond and clashed with Anne Boleyn so forcefully that she ‘narrowly escaped being dismissed from Court’ (
CSP Sp.
IV i, 460).

5
CSP Sp.
IV i, 509; ii, 619, 720.

6
PRO SP 1/76, fo.46.

7
CSP Sp.
V i, 26.

8
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 390.

9
Ibid., fo. 391.

10
Ibid., fo. 388; Wood,
Letters
III, p. 164.

11
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fos. 388, 391, 392.

12
H. Latimer,
Sermons
, ed. G. E. Corrie, Parker Society (Cambridge, 1844), p. 253.

13
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fos. 388v, 390 (
bis
), 391.

14
PRO SP 1/115, fo. 80v.

15
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 394.

16
Ibid.; Head,
Ebbs and Flows
, p. 282;
Two Early Tudor Lives
, p. 130;
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, p. 264.

17
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 388v.

18
See Harris, ‘Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style’, p. 376.

19
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 389.

20
LP
VI i, 923.

21
CSP Sp.
V i, 87.

22
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fo. 101.

23
Herbert, p. 563; PRO SP 1/210, fo. 31v.

24
BL MS Additional 24493, fo. 234.

25
BL MS Cottonian Titus B I, fos. 391, 392v, 388v, 389.

26
LP
X, 284.

27
LP
VIII, 196.