Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (55 page)

11. Everything Is Connected to Everything Else

Walter Benjamin
: Benjamin, Walter,
Understanding Brecht
(London: Verso and New Left Books, 1973), 87.

“‘hedonistic sustainability’”
: Discussion with Ingels at the BMW Guggenheim Lab in New York City in 2011. Additional information: Quirk, Vanessa, “BIG’s Waste-to-Energy Plant Breaks Ground, Breaks Schemas,” ArchDaily, March 5, 2013,
www.archdaily.com/339893
(accessed April 30, 2013); Woodward, Richard B., “Building a Better Future,”
Wall Street Journal Magazine
, October 28, 2011,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204644504576653421385657578.htmlixzz1kPqwl62S
(accessed March 3, 2012).

By nearly 250,000 tons
: “Bus Rapid Transit Systems Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Gain in Popularity,” Worldwatch Institute/Eye on Earth,
www.worldwatch.org/node/4660
(accessed January 11, 2011).

After the charge was
: “Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring,” Transport for London, fifth annual report, July 2007.

Paris Plages has seen
: Mairie de Paris, “Paris Climate Protection Plan,” Paris, 2007.

copied Bogotá’s mobility system
: Secretaria del Medio Ambiente, “Plan Verde: Ciudad de Mexico,”
www.om.df.gob.mx/programas/plan_verde/plan_verde_vlarga.pdf
(accessed April 29, 2013).

City of New York
: “Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transportation, 2008 and Beyond,” New York City Department of Transportation, 2008.

bringing down emissions
: Chan, Margaret, “Cutting Carbon, Improving Health,”
The Lancet
, 2009: 1870–71.

Mexico experiences
: Interview with Guillermo Peñalosa, 2009.

When we walk or cycle
: “Calories in Coca-Cola Classic,” Calorie Count,
http://caloriecount.about.com/calories-coca-cola-classic-i98047
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Proponents of electric cars
: Libeskind, Daniel, “17 Words of Architectural Inspiration,” TED, July 2007,
www.ted.com/talks/daniel_libeskind_s_17_words_of_architectural_inspiration.html
(accessed January 21, 2011).

tens of billions more
: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, “Addendum to the 1997 Federal Highway Cost Allocation Study Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration May 2000,”
www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/hcas/addendum.htm
(accessed March 3, 2012), adjusted to 2008 dollars.

$180 billion annually
: Cambridge Systematics, Inc., “Crashes vs. Congestion Report. What’s the Cost to Society?” Bethesda, MD: American Automobile Association, 2011.

distance people drive
: Litman, Todd, and Steven Fitzroy,
Safe Travels: Evaluating Mobility Management Traffic Safety Impacts
(Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2012).

This includes health-care costs
: “Overweight and Obesity Statistics,” Weight-Control Information Network, and information service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Society reaps
: “Evaluating Safety and Health Impacts: TDM Impacts on Traffic Safety, Personal Security and Public Health,” TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, February 22, 2012,
www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm58.htm
(accessed March 3, 2012).

a quarter of the cost of servicing
: Condon, Patrick M.,
Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities: Design Strategies for the Post Carbon World
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010), 4.

$18.9 billion
: Safe Routes to School National Partnership, “National Statistics on School Transportation,”
www.saferoutespartnership.org/sites/default/files/pdf/school_bus_cuts_national_stats_FINAL.pdf
(accessed March 3, 2012).

broke city governments
: Su, Eleanor Yang, “School Bus Service Vanishing Amid Cuts,”
California Watch
, September 2, 2011,
http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/school-bus-service-vanishing-amid-cuts-12438
(accessed March 3, 2012).

$2 trillion
: American Society of Civil Engineers, “Failing Infrastructure Cannot Support a Healthy Economy: Civil Engineers’ New Report Card Assesses Condition of Nation’s Infrastructure,” January 28, 2009,
https://apps.asce.org/reportcard/2009/RC_2009_noembargo.pdf
(accessed March 3, 2012).

looked at job density
: Minicozzi, Joseph, “The Value of Downtown: A Profitable Investment for the Community,” Public Interest Projects, 2011.

Walmart depresses average wages
: Dube, Arindrajit, T. William Lester, and Barry Eidlin, “A Downward Push: The Impact of Wal-Mart Stores on Retail Wages and Benefits,”
UC Berkeley Labor Center
, December 2007,
http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/retail/walmart_downward_push07.pdf
(accessed October 18, 2012).

“heart and soul of Asheville”
: Muller, Michael, “Open For Biz: A Passionate Legacy,”
Mountain Xpress
, August 17, 2010,
www.mountainx.com/article/31638/Open-For-Biz-A-passionate-legacy
(accessed March 3, 2012).

The productive richness
: Civic Economics, “San Francisco Real Estate Diversity Study,” San Francisco Locally Owned Merchants Alliance, 2007; Goetz, S. J., and H. Swaminathan, “Walmart and County-Wide Poverty,”
Social Science Quarterly
, 2006: 211–26.

reversing the trend
: Statistical analysis from Greg Raisman, City of Portland, Office of Transportation.

1.4 million tons
: Cortright, Joe, “Portland’s Green Dividend,” White Paper, Chicago: CEOs for Cities, 2007.

About 73 percent
: Cortright, “Portland’s Green Dividend.”

investment of $100 million
: Kooshian, Chuck, and Steve Winkelman, “Growing Wealthier: Smart Growth, Climate Change and Prosperity,” Center for Clean Air Policy, 2011.

saving citizens
: City of North Vancouver.

carbon U-turn
: Ipsos Reid Public Affairs, “Quality of Life and Financial Planning in the City of North Vancouver,” City of North Vancouver, 2008.

emissions by three-quarters
: Vancouver Deputy City Manager Sadhu Johnston in conversation, April 2012.

12: Retrofitting Sprawl

Arcade Fire
: Arcade Fire, “Wasted Hours,”
The Suburbs
, Merge Records, 2010, compact disc.

William H. Whyte
:
Project for Public Spaces
, “William H. Whyre,”
www.pps.org/reference/wwhyte
(accessed March 6, 2012).

about 10 percent of homes
: Christopher Leinberger estimates that walkable neighborhoods make up less than 10 percent for sprawling cities such as Atlanta and Phoenix; Litman, Todd,
Where We Want to Be: Home Location Preferences and Their Implications for Smart Growth,
Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2010.

one out of every five
: Atlanta Regional Commission, “Lifelong Communities, A Regional Approach to Aging: A Vision for the Region’s Future,” Atlanta: Area Agency on Aging, 2010.

120 million by 2050
: U.S. Census Bureau, “National Population Projections Released 2008 (Based on Census 2000),”
www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2008.html
(accessed April 29, 2013).

right up to 2030
: Nelson, Arthur C.,
Reshaping Metropolitan America: Development Trends and Opportunities
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 2013).

Lakewood, southwest of Deuver
: Dunham-Jones, Ellen, and June Williamson,
Retrofitting Suburbia
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011), 154–71.

in the real estate market
: Leinberger, Christopher, “Walkable Urbanism,”
Urban Land
, September 1, 2010,
http://urbanland.uli.org/articles/2010/septoct/leinberger
.

eight parking spaces for every car
: Chester, Mikhail, Arpad Horvath, and Samer Madanat, “Parking Infrastructure: Energy, Emissions, and Automobile Life-cycle Environmental Accounting,”
Environmental Research Letters
, 2010.

an entirely new code
: Duany Plater-Zyberk, “Projects Map, U.S,”
www.dpz.com/projects.aspx
(accessed January 27, 2011); Seaside, Florida, “History,”
www.seasidefl.com/communityHistory.asp
(accessed January 27, 2011).

Seaside was the most influential
: “Best of the Decade: Design,”
Time
, January 1, 1990,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969072,00.html
(accessed January 27, 2011).

rate of home ownership
: McKenna, Barrie, “To Follow Canada’s Example, U.S. Tax Reform Essential,”
The Globe and Mail
, August 8, 2011,
www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/barrie-mckenna/to-follow-canadas-example-us-tax-reform-essential/article2122284
(accessed March 3, 2012).

gas taxes in 2012
: Randolph, Eleanor, “The Recession Squeeze on Buses and Trains,”
New York Times
, December 31, 2011,
www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/opinion/sunday/the-recession-squeeze-on-buses-and-trains.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

approved by state governments
: Emerson, Chad, “All Sprawled Out: How the Federal Regulatory System Has Driven Unsustainable Growth,”
Tennessee Law Review
, Tennessee Law Review Association, spring 2008.

Commercial Center Revitalization Act
: Congress for the New Urbanism, “Sprawl Retrofit,”
www.cnu.org/sprawlretrofit
(accessed March 3, 2012); South Carolina General Assembly, Reps. Smith, J. E., Brady, Agnew, R. L. Brown, and Whipper, “H 3604 Concurrent Resolution,” 2011–2012,
www.scstatehouse.gov/cgi-bin/web_bh10.exe?bill1=3604&session=119
(accessed March 3, 2012).

writes Leinberger
: Leinberger, Christopher,
The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream
(Washington, DC: Island Press), 50.

Sociologists have found
: Sadalla, Edward K., and Virgil L. Sheets, “Symbolism in Building Materials: Self-Presentational and Cognitive Components,”
Environment and Behavior
, 1993: 155–79.

cut the tax rate by 30 percent
:
Mixed-Use Development
, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute, 2003), 164.

It usually takes eight hundred
: McPherson, Simon, and Adam Haddow, “Shall We Dense?: Policy Potentials,” SJB Australia, 2011,
www.sjb.com.au/docs/shall-we-dense_policy-potentials.pdf
(accessed August 13, 2013).

Warren Pledger
: Pledger, Warren, “Tampa Light Rail and the United Nations,”
Examiner.com
,
August 31, 2010,
www.examiner.com/article/tampa-light-rail-and-the-united-nations
(accessed March 3, 2012).

As proof of a high-level conspiracy
: Mencimer, Stephanie, “‘We Don’t Need None of That Smart-Growth Communism,’”
Mother Jones
, November 18, 2010,
www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/11/tea-party-agenda-21-un-sustainable-development
(accessed March 3, 2012); Morris, Nathan, “Playing Tea Party: Planning and Agenda 21,” PlaceShakers and NewsMakers, January 6, 2012,
www.placemakers.com/2012/01/06/playing-tea-party-planning-and-agenda-21
(accessed April 29, 2013).