Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule From the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence (53 page)

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Authors: David Brewer

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BOOK: Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule From the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence

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Chapter 7: The Fall of Cyprus (pp. 77–85)

The main source for Cyprus is George Hill,
A History of Cyprus
, vol. III. For the 1570 expedition of the combined fleet see also Hugh Bicheno,
Crescent and Cross
; and the lively (but unfortunately unreferenced) Jack Beeching,
The Galleys at Lepanto.

1
Hill, vol. III, p. 838 and n. 2
2
Hill, vol. III, p. 797
3
Hill, vol. III, p. 878, n. 3
4
Braudel,
The Mediterranean
, vol. II, p. 1074
5
Hill, vol. III, p. 884
6
Hill, vol. III, p. 888
7
Hill, vol. III, p. 889, n. 1. Some historians have confused the two votes and say that the ultimatum was rejected only by the narrow margin of 202 to 199.
8
Hill, vol. III, p. 897, n. 1
9
Bicheno, p. 197
10
Quoted in Hill, vol. III, p. 919
11
Hill, vol. III, p. 999, n. 1
12
Hill, vol. III, p. 1003
13
The story was included in Richard Knolles’ enormously influential
Generall Historie of the Turks
, London, 1603, and two centuries later part of Byron’s extensive reading about the Turks.

Chapter 8: 1571 – Lepanto (pp. 86–95)

As for Chapter 7, see Hill, Bicheno and Beeching. The tables and diagrams in Bicheno are particularly useful. The battle is also described in Andrew Wheatcroft,
Infidels
; and J.F.C. Fuller,
The Decisive Battles of the Western World
, London, 1954
.
Greek involvement is covered in I.K. Hasiótis,
I Éllines
, and
Metaxí Othomanikís Kiriarchías
(see Bibliography for details). The Turkish reaction to Lepanto is described in Halil Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section IX.

1
Bicheno, p. 230
2
Bicheno, p. 231
3
Bicheno, p. 220
4
Bicheno, p. 268
5
Bicheno, pp. 277–8
6
Bicheno, pp. 306–7
7
Bicheno, p. 238
8
Cervantes,
Don Quixote
, part I, ch. 38
9
Finlay,
Greece Under Othoman and Venetian Occupation
, pp. 85–6
10
Hasiótis,
I Éllines
, p. 162
11
Hasiótis,
Metaxí
, pp. 217–18
12
Hasiótis,
I Éllines
, p. 14
13
This reading of Chesterton is in Wheatcroft, p. 33
14
Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section IX, p. 190
15
Wheatcroft, p. 34
16
Bicheno, p. 285
17
Bicheno, p. 288
18
Norwich,
A History of Venice
, p. 489
19
Beeching, p. 246

Chapter 9: Mainland Greece and Town Life (pp. 96–106)

The Turkish system of administration is covered in Peter F. Sugar,
Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule
; Gibb and Bowen,
Islamic Society and the West
; Halil Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
; and Apostolos Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
. For Thessalonika see Mark Mazower,
Salonica: City of Ghosts
, and for Athens Kevin Andrews,
Athens Alive
, though Andrews’ extracts from de la Guilletière should be read with caution – see text.

1
Sugar, p. xii
2
Gibb and Bowen, vol. I, p. 276
3
Iris Origo,
The Merchant of Prato
, London, 1957, pp. 62–5
4
Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section X, p. 217
5
Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
, p. 193
6
Gordon,
History of the Greek Revolution
, vol. I, p. 322
7
Mazower,
Salonica
, p. 28
8
Mazower,
Salonica
, pp. 48–51
9
Bernard Randolph in Molly Mackenzie,
Turkish Athens
, Reading, 1992, p. 37; de la Guilletière in Andrews, p. 80
10
George Wheler, in Andrews, p. 100
11
Andrews, p. 79 (de la Guilletière), p. 91 (Nointel), p. 101 (George Wheler)

Chapter 10: The Greek Church (pp. 107–18)

Of the mass of material on the Greek Orthodox Church, the main sources for this chapter are Steven Runciman,
The Great Church in Captivity
; Timothy Ware,
The Orthodox Church
; and T.H. Papadopoullos
, The Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination.
See also Apostolos Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
, and
Istoría tou Ellinikoú Éthnous
(
IEE
) (History of the Greek Nation), vols X and XI.

Chronological lists of the patriarchs are in
IEE
, vol. X, p. 102 for 1453–1671 and vol. XI, p. 129 for 1671–1821.

1
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 131
2
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 148
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 60
4
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 59
5
Hasiótis,
Metaxí
, p. 87
6
Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
, pp. 152, 113, 111
7
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 209
8
Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
, pp. 181–2
9
Clogg,
The Movement for Greek Independence
, pp. 79–80
10
Kapodhístrias,
Observations sur les Moyens d'Améliorer les Grecs
in G. Waddington,
A Visit to Greece in 1823 and 1824
, London, 1825, p. xxxix
11
Papadopoullos, p. 126
12
Hobsbawm,
Nations and Nationalism since 1780
, p. 57
13
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 223
14
N. Michael Vaporis, in ed. Costantelos,
Orthodox Theology and Diakonia
, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1981, p. 149
15
John Chryssavgis in
Encyclopedia of Greece
, Chicago and London, 2000, p. 1085
16
Runciman,
The Great Church
, p. 345
17
Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, vol. I, pp. 79–80
18
Panayiotákis,
Kríti
, vol. II, p. 448

Chapter 11: Venetian Crete (pp. 119–27)

The main sources for this chapter are Molly Greene,
A Shared World
; Chrísas Maltézos,
I Kríti sti Dhiárkia tis Períodhou tis Venetokratías
(Crete During the Period
of Venetian Rule); Theocharis Detorakis,
History of Crete
; and N.M. Panayiotákis, ed.,
Kríti: Istoría kai Politismós
(Crete: History and Culture), vol. II, referred to as
Kríti
below. For El Greco see Xavier Bray,
El Greco
.

1
Maltézos, p. 46
2
The painting is in London’s National Gallery, no. 6260, and a larger version is in Madrid’s Escorial.
3
Roger Fry, quoted in Bray, p. 7
4
Bray, p. 42
5
Bray, p. 42
6

Kríti
, vol. II, p. 168
7

Kríti
, vol. II, p. 169
8

Kríti
, vol. II, pp. 179–80
9
Detorakis, p. 196
10
Greene, p. 119
11
Greene, p. 63
12
Quoted in Robert Pashley,
Travels in Crete
, London, 1837, vol. II, pp. 297–8
13
Greene, p. 58

Chapter 12: 1669 – The Turks Take Crete (pp. 128–35)

The sources for this chapter are as for Chapter 11, plus S.J. and E.K. Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
; Daniel Goffman,
The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
; and John Stoye,
Europe Unfolding
. John Julius Norwich tells the story from the Venetian viewpoint in
A History of Venice
, chapters 42–4. The account of the surrender negotiations is in Harry Chionídhis,
Anglikón Ipómnima perí tis Poliorkías kai tis Ptóseos tou Chándakos
(English Account of the Siege and Fall of Iráklion).

1
Quoted in Greene, p. 17, n. 18
2
Norwich, p. 555
3
Chionídhis, p. 452
4
Chionídhis, pp. 455–6
5
Chionídhis, p. 483
6
Chionídhis, p. 496
7
D.O. Dapper, quoted in Michael Llewellyn Smith,
The Great Island
, p. 72
8
Greene, p. 81
9
J.P. de Tournefort,
Voyage d’un Botaniste
, vol. I, p. 54

Chapter 13: Turkish Rule in Cyprus and Crete (pp. 136–46)

For Cyprus see Halil Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section VIII; George Hill,
A History of Cyprus
, vol. IV; and Stavros Pantelis,
The History of Modern Cyprus.
For Crete the main sources are as for Chapter 11, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort,
Voyage d’un Botaniste
.

1
Hill, vol. IV, pp. 1–2
2
Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section VIII, p. 7
3
Hill, vol. IV, p. 25
4
Hill, vol. IV, p. 34
5
Greene, p. 26, n. 48
6
Jane Hathaway, quoted in Greene, p. 20, n. 28
7
Detorakis, pp. 271–2
8
Richard Pococke, quoted in Greene, p. 91
9
Greene, p. 61
10
Tournefort, vol. I, p. 52
11
Tournefort, vol. I, p. 107
12
Tournefort, vol. I, p. 108
13
Tournefort, vol. I, p. 130
14
Quoted in, for example, Anthony Flew,
An Introduction to Western Philosophy
, London, 1971, p. 219, where the flaws in Pascal’s argument are discussed.
15
Panayiotákis, vol. II, p. 440
16
Greene, p. 186
17
Herzfeld,
A Place in History
, p. 64
18
Clark,
Twice a Stranger
, pp. 185, 186

Chapter 14: The Changing Ottoman Empire (pp. 147–56)

All books on the Ottoman Empire, and many on the Mediterranean world in general, have something to say about perceived Ottoman decline. There are particularly illuminating insights in Daniel Goffman,
The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
; Suraiya Faroqhi,
The Ottoman Empire and The World Around It
; and Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean
. For the Ottoman economy see Inalcik and Quataert,
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire.

1
Goffman, p. 123
2
Braudel, vol. II, p. 1195
3
Imber,
The Ottoman Empire
, p. 110
4
Goffman, p. 117
5
Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organisation and Economy
, section XIII, pp.344–6
6
Faroqhi, p.44
7
Grosrichard,
The Sultan’s Court
, Introduction, p. xxi
8
Grosrichard,
The Sultan’s Court
, pp. 65–6
9
Grosrichard,
The Sultan’s Court
, pp. 137–8
10
Inalcik and Quataert,
Economic and Social History
, vol. II, pp. 541–2
11
Braudel, vol. II, p. 840
12
McGowan,
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe
, p. 65
13
Gibb and Bowen
, Islamic Society and the West
, vol. I, p. 258

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