Goebbels: A Biography (113 page)

97.
Heiber (ed.),
Goebbels Reden
, no. 14, quotations 108, 110; TB, 11 May 1933.

98.
Jäger,
Es begann am 30. Januar
, 47f. (based on the radio reports of the time).

99.
TB, 19 May 1933. The speech is published in Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 442ff., comments 15ff. See also the report in
Der Angriff
of 19 May 1933. A few days earlier the Propaganda Ministry had issued an official statement with the aim of allaying fears that the new government was intending to restrict film. A law for the “Corporate Construction of the Film Industry” was announced (the later Reich Chamber of Film):
Der Kinematograph
, 9 May 1933; see the long quotation in Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 16.

100.
TB, 7, 14, 21, and 27 May, 8 June 1933. Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 18f.; Behn, “Gleichschritt in die ‘neue Zeit.’ ”

101.
Gesetz über die Errichtung einer vorläufigen Reichsfilmkammer of 14 July 1933,
RGBl
. 1933 I, 483; Verordnung über die Errichtung einer vorläufigen Reichsfilmkammer of 22 July 1933,
RGBl
. 1933 I, 531; Official justification of the law in the
Reichsanzeiger
, 18 July 1933; Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 19ff.

102.
TB, 14 and 15 June 1933.

103.
TB, 6, 7, and 20 September 1933.

104.
TB, in particular 7, 8, and 10 October; Loiperdinger (ed.),
Märtyrerlegenden im NS Film
, in particular the contributions of Loiperdinger on “Hans Westmar” and Schröter on “Hitlerjunge Quex.”

105.
TB, 2 April 1933, on another film tea on 9 May 1933.

106.
TB, 20 May 1933, on an earlier meeting 9 April 1933.

107.
TB, 10 April, 26 April, 21 May, 11 June 1933.

108.
TB, 27 April 1933, 29 March 1933.

109.
TB, 17 and 26 May 1933.

110.
TB, 12, 14, 16, and 20 June. On these contacts, see Moeller,
Filmminister
, 160f.; Kinkel,
Scheinwerferin
, 47; Bach,
Leni
, 110ff. The account of her relations with Hitler and Goebbels during these months in Riefenstahl’s
Memoiren
(194ff.) is
clearly misleading; she claims that she was forced into doing the project against her will by Hitler and Goebbels (who in addition had also tried to seduce her) and under pressure had agreed to do it only three days before the start of the Party rally. For criticism of this version that does not bear close examination, see also Trimborn,
Riefenstahl
, 168ff.; Rother,
Leni Riefenstahl
, 53ff.

111.
Verordnung über die Aufgaben des Reichsministeriums für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, 30 June 1933,
RGBl
. 1933 I, 446. According to this, apart from the responsibilities of the Foreign Ministry (AA) already referred to, the new ministry acquired the responsibility for: commercial advertising etc. from the Reich Economics Ministry, communications and transport advertising from the Reich Postal Ministry and the Reich Transport Ministry, and all technical radio matters from the Reich Postal Ministry insofar as they did “not affect the technical administration within the Reich Radio Association and the Radio Associations.” The following responsibilities were transferred from the Reich Interior Ministry to the Propaganda Ministry:

– General domestic political enlightenment

– Hochschule für Politik

– National celebrations and state celebrations

– Press

– Radio

– The National anthem

– Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig

– Art

– Music

– Theater

– Cinema

– Combating pornography

112.
TB, 17 June 1933; see also 12 May, 20 June, 24 June, 1, 7, and 9 July 1933. On the background, see Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik
, 84ff.; Reuth,
Goebbels
, 289.

113.
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 196, letter from Hitler to the Reichsstatthalters of 15 July 1933 after the meeting with the Reichsstatthalters on 6 July, at which he defined the central role of the Goebbels ministry vis-à-vis the federal states in the fields of propaganda and culture. See also TB, 19 July 1933, in which Goebbels expressed great relief about the letter.

114.
Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik
, 93ff.

115.
Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik
, 108ff.

116.
Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik
, 128.

117.
TB, 9 August 1933.

118.
Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik
, 130ff.

119.
Haegert had replaced Franke in December 1932 (14 December 1932).

120.
Gutterer’s career data in his personal file of March 1938; BAB, R 43 II/1150c. Gutterer was originally envisaged as Franke’s successor (TB, 28 November 1932).

121.
Entry in Keiper and Kröger (eds.),
Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes
, 1871–1945.

122.
Moeller,
Filmminister
, 118.

123.
TB, 22 November 1934.

124.
Boelcke (ed.),
Kriegspropaganda 1939–1941
(henceforth
BK
), 80f.

125.
BK
, 60.

126.
TB, 9 April 1933.

127.
The report on the whole Italian trip is in TB, 4 June 1933. There were frequent and extensive reports on the trip in the German press. See, for example,
Der Angriff
, 29 May–2 June. On the trip, see Michels,
Ideologie und Propaganda
, 144. PAA Bts Rom no. 692a, vol. 11: Embassy correspondence on the preparations for the trip, detailed program of visits: press statement by Goebbels about his impressions during the visit; report by ambassador von Hassell of 13 June 1933 about the visit, which makes clear in a thinly disguised way the minimal political importance of the visit.

128.
TB, 7–9 June 1933. On the Four-Power Pact, see Petersen,
Hitler-Mussolini
, 137ff.

129.
TB, 15 June 1933. He had already advocated a “purging of the Party” to Hitler on 17 May 1933, and had been promised one (TB, 18 May 1933).

130.
Der Angriff
, 22 May 1933, “Aufmarsch der 150,000 im Grunewald-Stadion”; brief mention in TB, 22 May 1933. On these speeches, see
Der Angriff
, 15 May, “Kundgebung in Leipzig am 14. Mai”; see also TB, 15 May 1933; on the speech in the Oberpräsidium, see
Der Angriff
, 13 June 1933, “Pg. Dr. Goebbels in Ostpreußen”; on Röhm, see Longerich,
Geschichte der SA
, 179ff.

131.
TB, 15 June 1933;
Der Angriff
, 16 May 1933, “Der zweite Tag der Führertagung der NSDAP. Die Partei als Rückgrat des Staates.”

132.
TB, 15 June 1933.

133.
Der Angriff
, 15 June 1933, “Reichsführertagung der NSDAP.” TB, 15 June 1933: “Discussion with the Propaganda Department. Discussed big aid program for the winter”; TB, 4 July 1933, “Big plan: ‘War against hunger and cold.’ ”

134.
TB, 28 June 1933;
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 170, Ministerbesprechung vom 27 June 1933.

135.
TB, 29 June 1933.

136.
TB, 1, 3, and 4 July 1933. Albert Speer carried out the alterations. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 21ff.

137.
TB, 16 July 1933.

138.
TB, 4 July 1933: “Hitler with the SA leaders in Reichenhall. Gave a good speech. Against the ‘second revolution.’ ” See also
VB
(B), 4 July 1933: “Begeisterter Empfang des Führers im Chiemgau.” According to that report Hitler called the SA leaders’ meeting there a “landmark” on the way “to the completion of the German revolution.” This rejection of a continuation of the revolution is confirmed by
VB
(B), 8 July 1933, official statement about a declaration by Hitler to the Reichsstatthalters on 6 July 1933: “The revolution is not a permanent condition. It must not develop into a permanent condition.”

139.
TB, 11 July 1933.
Der Angriff
, 11 July 1933, “Unsere nächsten Aufgaben”: “Of the many hundreds of thousands who have joined us since the take-over of power the usable ones will gradually be merged into the Party; the others, insofar as they are useless, will be excluded from it.”

140.
PA
1933, p. 69 (11 July): “The article must be written early tomorrow morning”;
VZ
, 12 July 1933 (M);
DAZ
, 12 July 1933 (M); TB, 12 July 1933: “My big article is appearing in all the German newspapers.”

141.
TB, 18 and 19 July 1933.
PA
1933, 73f. (17 July);
FZ
, 18 July 1933 (2nd M),
DAZ
, 18 July 1933 (M).

1.
TB, 6 July 1933.

2.
TB, 11 June–1 July 1933.

3.
TB, 18 June 1933.

4.
TB, 19 July 1933; see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 291f.

5.
TB, 21 July 1933.

6.
TB, 2–17 August; Riefenstahl and Krauss: 14–17 August; on Riefenstahl, see also 4, 9, 14, 18, and 19 July 1933. Goebbels had also met Leni Riefenstahl on 13 August during a brief visit she made to Berlin. (TB, 14 August 1933), then he saw her again on 26 August 1933 at Hitler’s regular lunch (TB, 27 August 1933).

7.
Statement by the Reich Press Office of the NSDAP, published in the
VB
(B), 7 August 1933.

8.
TB, 20 and 23 August 1933.

9.
TB, 25 August 1933.

10.
Also in a previous conversation with Hitler from which Goebbels retained the quotations “The federal states must disappear” and “In three years nothing more will be left of them,” TB, 28 July 1933.

11.
TB, 27 March 1933.

12.
TB, 25 August 1932. Goebbels had already discussed this solution with Lammers in July, TB, 19 July 1933.

13.
TB, 25 August 1933.

14.
TB, 1 September 1933.

15.
TB, 2 September 1933.
VB
(B), “Die Proklamation des Führers: Die Eckpfeiler des Reiches: Das deutsche Volk—die N.S.D.A.P.” (headline).

16.
TB, 4 September 1933 (for a description of the whole of the Party rally);
Der Angriff
, 4 September 1933.

17.
TB, 4, 6, and 8 July 1933.

18.
TB, 14 September 1933;
Der Angriff
, 13 September 1933, “Sozialismus der Tat. Dr. Goebbels verkündet Aufbau und Durchführung des großen Winter-Hilfswerks” (headline). On the winter aid program, see Vorländer,
Die NSV
, esp. 44ff.

19.
See his speech of 12 September
(Der Angriff)
.

20.
See, for example, the Sports Palace rally on 13 September:
Der Angriff
, 14 September 1933, “Neuer Propagandafeldzug der Partei”; also TB, 14 September 1933.

21.
Der Angriff
, 14 September 1933.

22.
TB, 2 October 1933; Bernhard Gelderblom, “Die Reichserntedankfeste auf dem Bückeberg 1933–1937.”

23.
TB, 16 October 1933;
Der Angriff
, 16 October 1933, on the laying of the foundation stone.

24.
TB, 16 October 1933;
Der Angriff
, 16 October 1933. The monument was never finished.

25.
See Helmut Heiber’s introduction to his
Goebbels Reden
.

26.
BAB, R 43 II/1244, 13 July 1933. On the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Culture, see Faustmann,
Die Reichskulturkammer
, 34ff.; Dahm, “Anfänge und Ideologie der Reichskulturkammer.”

27.
Grundgedanken für die Errichtung einer Reichskulturkammer, R 43 II/1241.

28.
BAB, R 43 II/1244, Goebbels’s letter to Ley, 28 July 1933. He also complained in a letter to Lammers of 12 August 1933 about continuing attempts by the DAF to undermine his organizations: ibid.

29.
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 196, Hitler’s letter to the Reichsstatthalters, 15 July 1933, announced the plan to establish the Reich Chamber of Culture.

30.
BAB, R 2/4870, submission of the draft and justification to the Reich Chancellery on 18 August 1933; Minute of 2 September of the inter-ministerial meeting in the Propaganda Ministry, in which various objections were made by other ministries. R 43 II/1241, renewed submission of the draft on 15 September 1933.
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 215, Kabinettssitzung of 22 September 1933. See also TB, 14 August 1933, on the preparation of the law; 25 August 1933, approval by Hitler; 20 September 1933, reference to the Cabinet meeting; 23 September 1933, approval by the Cabinet.

31.
Kulturkammergesetz of 21 September 1933,
RGBl
. 1933 I, 661f. The legal regulations following from it are in:
Das Recht der Reichskulturkammer
, Schrieber, Metten, and Collatz (eds.).

32.
Dahm, “Anfänge,” 73.

33.
TB, 23 September 1933.

34.
PA
1933, p. 32f. Pressekonferenz: Hagemann,
Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich
, 32ff.; Abel,
Presselenkung im NS-Staat
, 37ff.

35.
TB, 5 and 8 August, 22 and 23 September 1933. A draft Editors’ Law had in fact been produced by 20 September (R 43 II/1241). TB, 5 October: “Cabinet: Press law approved after a tough struggle.” See
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 224, Kabinettssitzung vom 4 October 1933.

36.
Abel,
Presselenkung
, 29ff.; Hale,
Presse in der Zwangsjacke 1933–1945
, 90ff.

37.
BAB, R 43 II/1241, Goebbels submits the Editors’ and Reich Chamber of Culture laws with a letter of 15 September 1933.

38.
Abel,
Presselenkung
, 50ff.; Hagemann,
Presselenkung
, 36ff.

39.
PA
1933, 163, 170 (19 and 20 October).

40.
PA
1933, 20 October 1933, Background report by the representative of the
Hamburger Nachrichten. VB
(B), 18 October, “Führertagung der N.S.D.A.P. in Berlin”; 19 October 1933, “Entscheidendes Stadium im Kampf um die Gleichberechtigung. Adolf Hitler auf der Führertagung der N.S.D.A.P.” (SZ).

41.
TB, 21 October 1933.

42.
Instruction of 20 October 1933 (BAB, NS 6/215); TB, 29 October 1933; he had considered doing it on 11 October 1933, because there was “a lot wrong” with the newspaper. From 28 October his name no longer appeared on the front page of
Der Angriff
as editor but as founder. In 1934
Der Angriff
was taken over by the Eher-Verlag. TB, 6 February 1934.

43.
TB, 6, 7, and 9 September 1933.

44.
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 208, Ministerbesprechung vom 12 September 1933. TB, 13 September 1933. On the prehistory, see Michels,
Ideologie
, 167ff. On Goebbels in Geneva, see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 296ff.; Schmidt describes how Goebbels behaved “naturally” and made a “cultured and calm impression,” but his word was doubted by his interlocutors. Schmidt,
Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne
, 282ff.; Nadolny,
Mein Beitrag
, 113ff. The
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
wrote of “the small and unprepossessing Dr. Goebbels, whose appearance provides the sensation at this meeting,” 25 September 1933, and 27 September 1933: “Goebbels in Genf” (editorial). On Goebbels, see also
New York Times
, 29 September 1933, “Reich Needs Peace Goebbels Asserts,” and
The Times
, 29 September 1933, “German ‘Desire for Peace.’ ”

45.
His correct name was Joseph Paul-Boncour.

46.
“Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland und seine Aufgabe für den Frieden, Rede vor der internationalen Presse in Genf am 28 September 1933,” in Goebbels,
Signale der neuen Zeit
, 233–49, quotation 236.
PA
1933, 29 September: “The Propaganda Ministry attaches great importance to the foreign press giving detailed coverage to Dr. Goebbels’s major speech in Geneva.”

47.
TB, 30 September 1933.

48.
TB, 6 September, on the previous day’s conversation.

49.
TB, 12 October 1933. See also 11 October 1933: “Boss is wrestling with the most difficult decisions.”

50.
Dengg,
Deutschlands Austritt aus dem Völkerbund und Schachts “Neuer Plan,”
292ff.;
Akten zur deutschen Außenpolitik 1938–1945. Aus dem Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes
(henceforth
ADAP
) C I, no. 479, Aufzeichnung v. Bülow, 4 October 1939.

51.
TB, 28 July 1933.

52.
TB, 13 October 1933, concerning Cabinet meeting (possibly an informal ministerial meeting) on 12 October. This meeting is not mentioned in the edition of
Regierung Hitler
.

53.
TB, 14 October 1933;
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 230, Protokoll der Ministerbesprechung on 13 and 14 October 1933.

54.
After Hitler’s decision of 4 December, he met the dictator on 5, 9, and 10 December. TB, 5, 10, and 11 December 1933.

55.
TB, 16, 17, and 18 October (on his speech at the meeting of leaders on 17 October).

56.
TB, 17 November 1933.

57.
TB, 6, 8, 9, and 13 September 1933.

58.
TB, 10 September 1933 (in a conversation with Berlin SA leaders).

59.
TB, 12, 13, 15, and 16 September 1933.

60.
TB, 20 September 1933.

61.
TB, 7, 16, 18, 19, and 20 October 1933. Further complaints about Göring: 24 and 26 November 1933. At the beginning of October they had both ostentatiously made peace overtures to one another but the relaxation in tension was only temporary (ibid. 5 and 6 October 1933).

62.
TB, 14 October 1933, also 13, 17, and 24 October.

63.
TB, 18 October 1933.

64.
TB, 3 November 1933.

65.
TB, 13 December 1933.

66.
TB, 29 October 1933.

67.
TB, 24 February 1934.

68.
TB, 17 December 1933

69.
TB, 30 April 1934.

70.
TB, 27 November 1933, and 28 November 1933.

71.
TB, 20 October–7 November 1933. The speech of 20 October was published in Goebbels,
Signale der neuen Zeit
, 250–77, and (with the same title) also as a separate pamphlet (Berlin 1933). On the elections, see also Goebbels’s interview with a representative of Wolffs Telegraphen-Büro, 8 November 1933, published in
Ursachen und Folgen
10, no. 2330, and in Reuth,
Goebbels
, 300.

72.
TB, 4, 5, and 7 November 1933. On the Reichstag Fire trial, see the contributions in Deiseroth (ed.),
Reichstagsbrand;
on Goebbels’s role, see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 301f.

73.
TB, 9 November 1933.
Der Angriff
, 8 November 1933, “Dr. Goebbels fertigt Dimitroff ab. Eine wohlverdiente Abfuhr” (headline).

74.
TB, 23 December 1933.

75.
TB, 9 November 1933.
VB
(B), 10 November 1933, “Der 9. November 1933 in München—der Tag der Bewegung.”

76.
TB, 8 November 1933. It referred to the circular of 7 November 1933, in which Hess was reminding people of an earlier circular (27 June 1933) about the need for “modesty in behavior and lifestyle” (BAB, NS 6/215).

77.
TB, 11 November 1933; see also 1 and 8 November 1933.

78.
Bracher,
Machtergreifung
, 481ff.; see also the examples in Hetzer, “Die Industriestadt Augsburg,” 137ff. A review of complaints about the election produced by the Reich Interior Ministry contains objections from those who dared to query the results (BAB, R 1501/5350).

79.
Jung,
Plebiszit
, 35ff.; on the result, see 50ff. (according to the Reich statistics office).

80.
TB, 13 November 1933.

81.
Der Angriff
, 16 November 1933, “Feierliche Gründung der Reichskulturkammer durch Dr. Goebbels” (SZ). The speech was published in Goebbels,
Signale der neuen Zeit
, 323–36 with the title “Die deutsche Kultur vor neuen Aufgaben. Gründung der Reichskulturkammer am 15.” November 1933 in der Berliner Philharmonie; on the event, see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 302f.

82.
TB, 28 November 1933, on the preparations, see also 16 November 1933.
Der Angriff
, 28 November 1933. “Das große Feierabend-Werk gegründet.” Buchholz,
Die nationalsozialistische Gemeinschaft “Kraft durch Freude
,” 7ff. (its establishment); on the KdF, see Baranowski,
Strength Through Joy
.

83.
TB, 19 September 1933: “With Hitler. Riefenstahl was there. Complained about Raether. Goes on nagging. Raether’s quite innocent.” See also 21 September 1933. On the film, see Kinkel,
Scheinwerferin
, 45ff.; Trimborn,
Karriere
, 176ff.; Rother,
Verführung
, 55ff., Bach,
Leni
, 113ff.

84.
TB, 29 November 1933. On meetings with Riefenstahl during the previous weeks in which problems with the film’s production emerged, see 23 September, 9, 10, and 16 October 1933. On the production of the film, see Kinkel,
Scheinwerferin
, 52ff.

85.
TB, 2 December 1933; Kinkel,
Scheinwerferin
, 56f. The
VB
(N) contained reports of the premiere for three days (1–3 December 1933).

86.
TB, 23 and 25 December 1933.

87.
TB, 29 December 1933. See also 8 December 1933, following an encounter in Berlin: “Anka Mumme: How old she’s become. She’s in a bad way. I’ll try and help her.”

88.
12 February, 6 and 30 March, 22 and 23 June, 15 October 1935; 11 December 1936.