Goebbels: A Biography (107 page)

114.
Feder to Hitler and to Heinemann, chairman of the Mediation Committee, 2 May 1926, published in Tyrell,
Führer
, no. 52. Feder referred to Goebbels’s article “Ostoder Westorientierung” directly.

115.
TB, 13 March 1926.

116.
“Der Apfelsinenkrieg,” in
NS-Briefe
, 15 March 1926, also in Goebbels,
Wege
, 40–44.

117.
BAB, NS 1/340, Strasser to Goebbels, 1 April and reply of 6 April 1926.

118.
TB, 13 April 1926 concerning the visit to Munich. See Reuth,
Goebbels
, 100f.

119.
VB
, 10 April 1926.

120.
See the letter from Kaufmann to Heinemann in OPG-Verfahren Karl Kaufmann, 24 June 1926 in which Kaufmann complained specifically about the lack of “Socialist” ideas in the speech. Tyrell,
Führer
, 128f.

121.
Joseph Goebbels, “
Der Nazi-Sozi
,” 18.

122.
TB, 13 April 1926.

123.
TB, 15 and 16 (quotation) April 1926.

124.
On Hitler’s visit to Stuttgart, see
RSA
, docs. 128–31, 17 and 18 April 1926.

125.
TB, 19 April 1926.

126.
BAB, NS 1/340, Goebbels to Gregor Strasser, 19 April 1926.

127.
NS-Briefe
, 15 May 1926; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 102.

128.
TB, 24 May 1926;
RSA
, doc. 144, 22 May 1926, Minutes of the general membership meeting, 444. See also Horn,
Machtergreifung
, 278f.

129.
TB, 3 and 8 May 1926; on the provisional sorting out of the “tricky issues,” see 10 May 1926; Reuth,
Goebbels
, 102f.

130.
TB, 12 and 14 June 1926. Given his psychological vulnerability his qualities as a political leader appeared dubious. See TB, 2 January 1926, concerning a New Year’s celebration during which Kaufmann had “one of his most fearful attacks of nerves and threatened suicide”; also TB, 6 and 20 January 1926.

131.
TB, 31 January 1926; 1 February 1926: “Kaufmann is not treating me in the way a friend should be treated. Elbrechter is behind it.” Ibid., 29 March 1926: “Long conversation with Karl Kaufmann. About Elbrechter. Am I really the one to blame for everything? Am I personally opposed to Elbrechter?”

132.
TB, 14 June 1926.

133.
Kaufmann accused Pfeffer of running up debts of several thousand marks and not declaring them at the time when the parties amalgamated. This resulted in a case before the Party court in which Goebbels spoke in favor of Pfeffer. As a result Kaufmann complained to Himmler about Goebbels’s “untruths”: BAB, OPG Karl Kaufmann, 7 June 1927; Hüttenberger,
Gauleiter
, 47.

134.
TB, 7 June 1926; see also the entries in the TB since 31 May 1926. On the change of Gauleiters, see Böhnke,
Die NSDAP im Ruhrgebiet
, 117f.

135.
TB, 16 June 1926; also 17, 19, and 21 June 1926. On Hitler’s appearances during these days, see
RSA
, doc. 152, 14 June, Speech in Elberfeld; doc. 153, 15 June (Hattingen); doc. 155, 16 June, 26 (Essen); doc. 157, 18 June (Essen); doc. 158, 20 June 1925 (Essen).

136.
TB, 10 and 12 June, 6 July 1926. On the preparations for the takeover of the Berlin Gau, see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 104f.; Tyrell, “Führergedanke und Gauleiterwechsel,” 352.

137.
TB, 6 July 1926. On what happened, see the reports in the
VB
, 3–8 July 1926.

138.
VB
, 8 July 1926, Goebbels’s speech “Arbeiter und Student.”

139.
TB, 6 July 1926.

140.
TB, 12 July 1926.

141.
TB, 18 July–11 August 1926.

142.
TB, 23 July 1926.

143.
TB, 24 July 1926.

144.
TB, 25 July 1926, also 26 July 1926.

145.
TB, 31 July–1 August 1926.

146.
TB, 30 July 1926: “12 o’clock with the boss. Serious discussion. Pfeffer is becoming Reich SA leader.”

147.
TB, 4 August 1926.

148.
NS-Briefe
, 15 September 1926, “Die Revolution als Ding an sich”; also published in Goebbels,
Wege
, 44–51.

149.
TB, 27 and 28 August 1926.

150.
TB, 17 September 1926.

151.
TB, 23–27 September 1926. The “farewell letter” that she wrote him was, however, not the first; see 12 June 1926.

152.
TB, 16 October 1926. On his final decision, see also 18 October 1926. Heiber (ed.),
Joseph Goebbels, Das Tagebuch 1925/26
, doc. 2 (hereafter Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
.) See also the letter from Schmiedicke to Goebbels, 16 October 1926, according to which the Berlin Party leadership had requested the appointment of Goebbels. Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 2.

153.
TB, 1 and 6 November 1926.

154.
NS-Briefe
, 1 October 1926, Gregor Strasser, “Rückblick und Ausblick.”

1.
Literature on the early history of the NSDAP in Berlin: Neuber,
Faschismus in Berlin
, 52ff.; Oberwallney,
SA in Berlin;
Kruppa,
Rechtsradikalismus in Berlin 1918–1928;
Friedrich,
Die missbrauchte Hauptstadt
, 72ff. On the membership figures and election results, see Oberwallney,
SA in Berlin
, 4; Engelbrechten,
Eine braune Armee entsteht
, 39; Büsch and Haus,
Berlin als Hauptstadt der Weimarer Republik, 1919–1933
, 408.

2.
Kruppa,
Rechtsradikalismus
, 335f. There is a series of monthly reports covering the history of the Berlin NSDAP during this period, which the head of propaganda and organization of the Neukölln section, Reinhold Muchow, produced for internal party purposes. They appear in Broszat, “Die Anfänge der Berliner NSDAP 1926/27”; on the condition of the Berlin party organization before Goebbels’s arrival, see the situation report of October 1926 on 101ff. On the meeting of 25 August 1926, see Abteilung I A Außendienst, Nachtrag zum Lagebericht der NSDAP, 26 August 1926, published in Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 1 and Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 45f.

3.
Heiber,
Joseph Goebbels
, 57ff.; Reuth,
Goebbels
, 108ff.; Longerich,
Geschichte der SA
, 60ff.; Kruppa,
Rechtsradikalismus
, 337ff.; Neuber,
Faschismus
, 62ff.; Friedrich,
Hauptstadt
, 123ff. (with a critical appreciation of Goebbels’s descriptions).

4.
Goebbels,
Kampf um Berlin. Der Anfang
.

5.
This refers to the entries from 1 November 1926–13 April 1928, edited in volume II of the Fröhlich edition. The entries were first used in Thacker,
Goebbels
, 78ff.

6.
TB, 11 November 1926.

7.
Schmiedicke to Goebbels, 28 October 1926. Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 3.

8.
RSA
, II/1 doc. 40, Hitler instruction of 26 October 1926 quoted from
VB
, 28 October 1926.

9.
TB, 11 November 1926. On the lodgings with Steiger, see G. Strasser, Zusammenstellung der in der Funktionärssitzung vom Freitag, dem 10. Juni 1927, erhobenen Angriffe und deren Erwiderung. Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 14.

10.
TB, 11 and 13 November 1926: a “nice boy, a good sort, hard working, reliable.” There are negative comments on 8, 15, and 17 December 1926. On Gutsmiedl, see
Reichstags-Handbuch 1933
, Berlin 1934. There, with reference to Gutsmiedl’s leaving the Party’s service, it is stated that in 1927 he returned to his original profession as a farm administrator “for health reasons” until August 1932. From September 1932 onward he was once again working full time for the Party, this time in the NSBO.

11.
TB, 11 November 1926.

12.
TB, 11 November 1926;
BT
, 10 November 1926. On the meeting, see Situationsbericht Oktober 1926, in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 101ff.; Reuth,
Goebbels
, 111.

13.
TB, 11 November 1926; see also the entry for 15 November 1926 about another meeting with Hitler, who had left the city on the 10th.

14.
TB, 11, 12, 15, and 18 November 1926.

15.
TB, 11 November 1926; see also 13, 15, and 18 November 1926.

16.
TB, 1 December 1926 and 25 July 1927.

17.
Friedrich,
Hauptstadt
, 119ff.

18.
Circular of 9 November 1926, in Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 4; see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 111.

19.
TB, 12 November 1926; on Hauenstein already being derogatory, see 16 October 1926.

20.
TB, 15 November 1926.

21.
TB, 18 November 1926: “1600 Marks were donated”; Muchow, “Situationsbericht Oktober 1926” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 101ff., 104; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 26; Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 48; Goebbels, “Opfergang” (about its establishment), in
NS-Briefe
, 1 January 1927. On the speech to the Freedom League on the previous day, see also TB, 21 December 1926.

22.
TB, 15 November 1926;
Spandauer Zeitung
, 15 November 1926;
Die Rote Fahne
, 16 November 1926; Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 48f.; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 113.

23.
TB, 21 November 1926; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 43; Muchow, “Situationsbericht Oktober 1926,” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 101ff., 104.

24.
TB, 1 December 1926.

25.
TB, 8 December 1926.

26.
TB, 17 and 18 December 1926; see also 10 January 1927.

27.
TB, 1, 12, and 17 December 1926; Situationsbericht Dezember 1926, in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 105ff., 106; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 113.

28.
TB, 17 December 1926; see also Goebbels,
Kampf
, 46, where it states that in Berlin he developed “an entirely new style of political rhetoric.” Nazi propaganda in the capital “used a new and modern language that had nothing in common with the old-fashioned so-called
völkisch
forms of expression.”

29.
TB, entries for 18 November, 4, 15, 17, and 18 December 1926, among others; see
also his comments in
Kampf
, 45f. on Mjölnir and his article “Propaganda in Wort und Bild” in the
NS-Briefe
of 25 March 1927, also in Goebbels,
Wege
, 23–25.

30.
TB, 18 November 1926.

31.
TB, 21 November, and 3 and 18 December 1926: Goebbels continued his visits during the New Year; see, e.g., 3, 13, and 17 January 1927.

32.
TB, 30 December 1926 and 1 January 1927.

33.
TB, 15 December 1926, 4 January 1927; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 24f. (quotation) and 52; Muchow, “Situationsbericht Dezember 1926,” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 105ff., 106; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 114.

34.
Muchow, “Situationsbericht Dezember 1926,” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 105ff., 106 (Musik); Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 48; TB, 29 January 1926 (Car); see Reuth,
Goebbels
, 114f.

35.
TB, 28 November 1926, on his trip to West Germany and 6 December 1926 on his trip to Dessau and Weimar.

36.
TB, 12 December 1926. On his reading of it, see also 30 December 1926: “I finished reading Hitler’s book and am tremendously happy.”

37.
Mein Kampf
, 726ff.

38.
VB
, 24 August 1927, “Dr. Goebbels über Propagandafragen.”

39.
NS-Briefe
, 15 March 1927, “Propaganda in Wort und Bild.”

40.
Goebbels,
Kampf
, 28.

41.
Goebbels,
Kampf
, 44.

42.
15 August 1926, “Neue Methoden der Propaganda,” also in Goebbels,
Wege
, 15–18.

43.
“Kleinarbeit,” 15 December 1926, also in Goebbels,
Wege
, 19–23.

44.
“Sprechabend,” ibid., 15 April 1927.

45.
“Massenversammlung,” 1 April 1927.

46.
Ibid.; his snide encouragement to use force against anyone who tore down posters in “Das Plakat,” 15 May 1927. “Lecture him until he sees the error of his ways but make sure he doesn’t get hurt.”

47.
Especially in the satirical contribution “Wenn ein Redner kommt,” in ibid., 1 August 1926.

48.
15 May 1927, “Das Plakat.”

49.
Goebbels,
Kampf
, 18.

50.
“Erkenntnis und Propaganda” in Goebbels,
Signale der neuen Zeit
, 28–52 (speech of 9 January 1928):
VB
, 24 August 1927, “Dr. Goebbels über Propagandafragen.”

51.
Berliner Arbeiterzeitung
, 11 August 1929, Paper “Propaganda und praktische Politik,” 2 August 1929.

52.
Reinhardt,
Von der Reklame zum Marketing
, 87ff.; Schug, “Hitler als Designobjekt und Marke”; Voigt, “Goebbels als Markentechniker,”; Behrenbeck, “Der Führer”; Bussemer,
Propaganda
.

53.
See, for example, Hartungen,
Psychologie der Reklame;
Lysinski,
Psychologie des Betriebs;
König,
Reklame-Psychologie
.

54.
TB, 14 August 1929.

55.
Stark,
Moderne politische Propaganda
, 4.

56.
Ernst Hanfstaengl remembered his “smooth baritone voice.”
Zwischen Weißem und Braunem Haus
, 198.

57.
See, for example, the observations of such varied observers as the correspondent of the
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
, 29 September 1933, “Dr. Goebbels vor der internationalen Presse,” and the old Nazi functionary Albert Krebs,
Tendenzen und Gestalten der NSDAP
, 160.

58.
Victor Klemperer,
Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten. Tagebücher 1933–1945
, 2 vols., ed. Walter Nowojski, 7th edn, Berlin 1997, 30 July 1936. On Goebbels as a speaker, see also Heiber,
Joseph Goebbels
, 46f., and Heiber’s introduction to his
Goebbels Reden 1932–1945;
Lochner (ed.),
Goebbels Tagebücher
, 25f.; Stephan,
Joseph Goebbels
, 108f.

59.
Goebbels,
Kampf
, 59.

60.
“Die Straße,” in
NS-Briefe
, 1 June 1926.

61.
TB, 26 January 1927; Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 52f.; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 61f.; Situationsbericht Januar 1927, in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 107ff., 108;
Spandauer Zeitung
, 26 January 1927, “Schlägerei nach einer politischen Versammlung.”

62.
TB, 1 February 1927. “Situationsbericht Januar 1927,” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 107ff., 109; Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 53.

63.
TB, 12 February 1927; Muchow, “Situationsbericht Februar 1927” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 110ff., 111 (quotation); Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 54ff.; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 63ff.;
Berliner Morgenpost
, 12 February 1926, “Politische Schlägerei in der Müllerstraße”;
Die Rote Fahne
, 13 February 1927, considered the “fascist attack” as a “warning for all the working people of Berlin”; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 115f.

64.
Goebbels,
Kampf
, p. 75.

65.
TB, 16 February 1927; Muchow, “Situationsbericht Februar 1927,” in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 110ff., 112; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 78f.; Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 56.

66.
“Parlamentarismus?” in
NS-Briefe
, 1 February 1927. The contribution is taken from an open letter to an unnamed Reichstag deputy, but the reference to Frick emerges in the text. Frick responded with a “crude letter,” TB, 5 February 1927; on the improvement in his relationship with Frick, see 8 March 1927.

67.
TB, 25 February 1927.

68.
Special report on the events in the Lichterfelde-East station on 20 March 1927, in Broszat, “Anfänge,” 115ff.; numerous witness statements in LA Berlin A Rep 358-01/302, vol. 1 (including Goebbels, 21 March 1927), vol. 2 and vol. 4 (here, in particular, Abt. I A Außendienst, 21 March 1927, Report on the march of the Nazi SA to Trebbin on the 19 and 20 March 1927); Report Abt IA of 28 March 1927 published in Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, no. 5: Engelbrechten,
Armee
, 57ff.; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 100;
Vossische Zeitung
, 22 March “Schüsse auf Bahnhof Lichterfelde-Ost”;
BZ am Mittag
, 21 March 1927, “Feuergefecht zwischen Rechtsradikalen und Kommunisten”; 22 March 1927, “Schärfstes Vorgehen gegen die Hakenkreuzler von Lichterfelde”;
BT
, 21 March 1927, “Schwere Zusammenstöße auf dem Bahnhof Lichterfelde Ost”; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 116f.

69.
TB, 21 March 1927.

70.
VZ
, 21 March 1927; see also Goebbels,
Kampf
, 102: “Late in the evening a few cheeky Hebrews who couldn’t keep their gobs shut received a few clips.”

71.
BT
, 22 March 1927.

72.
VZ
, 23 February 1927;
BZ am Mittag
, 22 March 1927; TB, 24 March 1927.

73.
TB, 24 March 1927.

74.
Report of 28 March 1927, Abteilung IA, 28 March 1927; Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 5.

75.
TB, 5 May 1927.

76.
VZ
, 6 May 1927, “Blutiger Terror der Nationalsozialisten”; LA Berlin, A Rep. 358-01/27, Charge of 23 November 1927.

77.
Vossische Zeitung
, 6 May 1927 and 7 May 1927 with a detailed justification of the ban; Goebbels,
Kampf
, 152; see also Reuth,
Goebbels
, 121f.; Friedrich,
Hauptstadt
, 160ff.

78.
TB, 6 and 11 May 1927.

79.
Berliner Arbeiterzeitung
, 24 April 1927, Erich Koch, “Folgen der Rassenvermischung.” Also in
Der nationale Sozialist
, no. 17; Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 6.

80.
TB, 27 April 1927.

81.
Koch to Goebbels, 26 April 1927; Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 7 and the statement of 17 June 1927, doc. 11. A year later (TB, 22 June 1928) Goebbels learned from Kaufmann that Koch had in fact written that “infamous article […] against me” which he was pleased that he “had immediately recognized thanks to my reliable intuition,” despite all assurances to the contrary.

82.
Goebbels to Hitler; 5 June 1927; Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 8; see also TB, 7 June 1927. On the growing conflict with the Strassers, see also 23 and 24 May 1927. Further letters from Goebbels to Hess, 9 June 1927, Heiber (ed.),
Tagebuch
, doc. 9.