God's War: A New History of the Crusades (174 page)

9
. For a useful general survey, N. Housley,
The Later Crusades
(Oxford 1992).

10
. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Philip V of France, the Assemblies of 1319–20 and the Crusade’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
, 57 (1984), 15–34; idem, ‘Sed Nihil Fecit? The Last Capetians and the Recovery of the Holy Land’,
War and Government in the Middle Ages
, ed. Gillingham and Holt, pp. 170–81.

11
. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’,
English Historical Review
, 100 (1985), 25–52.

12
. Philip V to Louis count of Clermont, July 1319, Archives Nationales (Paris) MS JJ 60, no. 100.

13
. Philippe de Mézières,
Songe du Vieil Pèlerin
, i, 399.

14
. P. Edbury, ‘The Crusading Policy of Peter I of Cyprus’,
Eastern Mediterranean Lands
, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 90–105; idem,
Cyprus
, pp. 161–79; Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, i, 225–84.

15
. Reproduced in Riley-Smith,
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
, opposite p. 276.

16
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 289–93; A. Luttrell, ‘English Levantine Crusaders 1363–1367’,
Renaissance Studies
, 2 (1988), 143–53.

17
. Philippe de Mézières,
The Life of St Peter Thomas
, ed. J. Smet (Rome 1954); Guilluame de Machaut,
La Prise d’Alexandre
, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Geneva 1877), now trans. J. Shirley and P. Edbury,
The Capture of Alexandria
(Aldershot 2004).

18
. T. Walsingham,
Historia Anglicana
, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1863–4), i, 301–2.

19
.
Canterbury Tales
, General Prologue, l. 51.

20
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 139 note 41.

21
. Maier,
Preaching
, pp. 52–6; cf. pp. 167–9 for the Drenther crusade.

22
. E. Baluze,
Miscellaneorum
, i (Paris 1678), 165–95.

23
. See below pp. 343–74, 894–905.

24
. D. Wilkins,
Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae
(London 1733–7), iii, 588 (Oct. 1464); cf. the future pope using the same phrase in 1454, L. d’Achéry,
Spicilegium
(Paris 1723), iii, 795–6.

25
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 37 and note 20; Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, i, 202.

26
. Muldoon,
Popes, Lawyers and Infidels
, passim and esp. pp. 88–91, 119–31; Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 288, 308–10.

27
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 289, 293, 355.

28
. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 147–51.

29
. In general, Forey,
The Military Orders
, pp. 204–41.

30
. For opinions and refs., A. Leopold,
How to Recover the Holy Land
(Aldershot 2000), esp. pp. 19, 34, 78, 178–9.

31
. The best account is M. Barber,
The Trial of the Templars
(Cambridge 1978); cf. Barber,
New Knighthood
, pp. 280–313.

32
. S. Schein, ‘Philip IV and the Crusade: A Reconsideration’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. Edbury, pp. 121–6.

33
. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 151, 231–41.

34
. Forey,
The Military Orders
, p. 240.

35
. On the Ottomans, C. Imber,
The Ottoman Empire 1300–1481
(Istanbul 1990); H. Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600
(London 1973); on Byzantium, D. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453
(London 1972).

36
. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, pp. 195–223; E. L. Cox,
The Green Count of Savoy
(Princeton 1967).

37
. Wilkins,
Concilia
, iii, 587. For a recent discussion, N. Bisaha, ‘Pope Pius II and the Crusade’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, pp. 39–52.

38
.
Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580
, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 1996), p. 149.

39
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 320.

40
. A. Linder,
Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages
(Turnhout 2003), pp. 179, 189–90.

41
. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, p. 245; Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 40.

42
. Above, note 35.

43
. Quoted Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 64.

44
. Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 90–91 provides a convenient potted account.

45
. Schéfer,
Voyage d’Outremer
, esp. pp. 181–99, when he met Murad II; for Boucicaut,
Le livre des Faicts de bon Messire Jean le Maingre dit Boucicaut
, ed. M. Petitot,
Collection des mémoires relatives à l’histoire de France
, vi and vii (Paris 1819).

46
. Meserve, ‘Italian Humanists’, pp. 26–7, 35.

47
. N. Oikonomides, ‘Byzantium between East and West’,
Byzantium and the West
, ed. J. Howard-Johnston, Byzantinische Forschung, xiii (Amsterdam 1988), 326–7 and note 17. The situation in Greek cities was far more resistant.

48
. In general, D. Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the Crusades’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, iii, 27–103; J. Gill,
Byzantium and the Papacy 1198–1400
(New Brunswick 1979); Nicol,
Last Centuries of Byzantium
.

49
. R. Manselli, ‘Il cardinale Bessarione contro il periculo turco e l’Italia’,
Miscellanea franciscana
, 73 (1973), 314–26.

50
. S. Runciman,
The Fall of Constantinople
(Cambridge 1965).

51
. Adam of Usk,
Chronicon
, ed. and trans. E. M. Thompson (London 1904), pp. 57, 220.

52
. J. Cabaret d’Oronville,
La Chronique de bon duc Loys de Bourbon
, ed. A. M. Chazaud (Paris 1876), pp. 218–57; Froissart,
Chronicles
, ii, 434–49, 465–77, 481–4; generally Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, i, 329–41.

53
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 278–80.

54
. Cabaret d’Oronville,
Chronique
, p. 257; some French nobles also died on the way home.

55
. J. J. N. Palmer,
England, France and Christendom
(London 1972), esp. pp. 180–210; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 294–301; cf. Philippe de Mézières,
Letter to Richard II: A Plea Made in 1395 for Peace between England and France
, trans. G. W. Coopland (Liverpool 1975).

56
. E.g. in the main official French chronicle source,
Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le règne de Charles VI
, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris 1839), ii, esp. 428–9; in general A. S. Atyia,
The Crusade of Nicopolis
(London 1934); Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, i, 341–69; Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 73–81.

57
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 300–301 and refs.

58
. M. Keen,
Chivalry
(New Haven 1984), esp. pp. 179–99, esp. p. 195 (Order of the Ship); for Order of the Knot and the crusade, Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), MS Fr. 4274, fol. 6, reproduced E. Hallam (ed.),
Chronicles of the Crusades
(London 1989), p. 2.

59
. A point made by J. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. Housley, pp. 71 and 204 note 11.

60
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 462.

61
. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, i, 352.

62
.
Religieux de Saint-Denys
, ii, 498.

63
. Froissart,
Chronicles
, ii, chap. xci and p. 654.

64
. Mézières,
Epistre
, pp. 444–523.

65
. J. Paviot,
Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient
(Paris 2003); cf. R. Vaughan,
Philip the Good
(London 1970), pp. 268–74, 334–72.

66
. E.g. Olivier de la Marche,
Mémoires
, ed. H. Beaune and J. d’Arbaumont (Paris 1883–8), i, 83–4.

67
. Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, pp. 201–38, esp. p. 238 for Duke Philip’s lack of books on the Turks.

68
. For a summary, J. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, pp. 71–3, 75–7, 79–80;
Discours de voyage d’Oultremer
, ed. C. Schefer,
Revue de l’Orient Latin
, 3 (1895), 303–42.

69
. Torcello’s
Avis
and Brocquière’s assessment Schefer,
Voyage d’Oultremer
, pp. 263–74; cf.
Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy
, ed. C. Potvin (Louvain 1878).

70
. R. J. Walsh, ‘Charles the Bold and the Crusade’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 3 (1977), 53–87.

71
. Housley,
Later Crusades
, p. 108; Walsh, ‘Charles the Bold’, p. 56.

72
. M.-T. Caron,
Les Vœux du faison, noblesse en fête, esprit de croisade
(Turnhout 2003), esp. pp. 120–25; pp. 133–67 for vows (p. 153 for Lannoy’s); Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, pp. 129–35; pp. 308–13 for Oliver de la Marche’s account; cf. la Marche,
Mémoires
, ed. J. A. C. Buchon (Paris 1836), p. 494–6.

73
. Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, p. 238: ‘la croisade chez Philippe le Bon etait un rève chevaleresque’.

74
. Paviot,
Ducs de Bourgogne
, p. 132.

75
. O. Halecki,
The Crusade of Varna
(New York 1943); Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 85–9.

76
. Runciman,
Fall of Constantinople
, for an elegant and elegiac account.

77
. Quoted, Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’, p. 40.

78
. Bisaha, ‘Pius II and Crusade’; J. Helmrath, ‘The German
Reichstage
and the Crusade’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. Housley, pp. 53–69.

79
. W. R. Lunt,
Financial Relations of the Papacy with England
, (Cambridge, Mass. 1939–62), ii, passim for indulgence and taxation returns; Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 99–103.

80
.
Voyage d’Oultremer
, p. 339.

81
. J. Hofer,
Giovanni da Capestrano
(L’Aquila 1955); N. Housley, ‘Giovanni da Capistrano and the Crusade of 1456’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. idem, pp. 94–115; Housley,
Later Crusades
, pp. 103–4, 408–10. For the impact, note the Middle English romance
Capystranus
.

82
. Setton,
Papacy and the Levant
, ii, 235.

83
. J. M. Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading in the Fifteenth Century’,
Crusading in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. Housley, p. 117.