God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (38 page)

74.
[>]
   
managed to wring a single concession:
Menocal,
Ornament of the World,
pp. 248–249.
[>]
   
impossible to get an accurate fix:
A lower figure is given by Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 23–24; a higher figure is given by Sachar,
Farewell España
, pp. 71–72; a middle range is offered by Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 35–36.
[>]
   
“Do not grieve over your departure”:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 8.

77.
[>]
   
birthright citizenship was a new target
: Julia Preston, “Citizenship as Birthright Is Challenged on the Right,”
New York Times,
August 7, 2010.
[>]
   
“If a Catholic mom were to give birth”:
Media Matters Institute, “Keith Larson on 14th Amendment . . . ,” August 8, 2010.

77.
highlighted the national-security angle:
Walid Zafar, “Rep. Gohmert Warns of Baby Terrorists,”
Political Correction
, June 25, 2010.
[>]
   
according to opinion polls:
“Public Evenly Split on Changing 14th Amendment?”
Washington Post,
August 11, 2010.
[>]
   
state legislators unveiled a proposal:
Rachel Slajda, “Birthright Citizenship Foes Want Two-Tiered Birth Certificates,”
TPM Muckraker,
January 7, 2011.
that would deny birthright citizenship outright:
Eric Kleefeld, “Vitter, Rand, Propose Amendment to Pare Back Birthright Citizenship,”
Talking Points Memo,
January 27, 2011.

78.    
the Black Death was good for one thing:
Gottfried,
The Black Death
, p. 94.
[>]
   
distilled in the person of Ferrand Martínez:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
pp. 6–7; Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain
, vol. 1, pp. 103–111.
[>]
a phenomenon they call “epistemic closure”:
The term comes from philosophy and has been used in a political sense by Julian Sanchez of the Cato Institute, among others. Patricia Cohen, “No Closure in the ‘Epistemic Closure’ Debate,”
New York Times
, April 26, 2010.

79.
[>]
   
anti-Jewish riots . . . a choice:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
pp. 7–8.
[>]
   
A significant proportion: Again, getting a fix on the numbers is difficult and controversial. See Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit
, pp. 7–8, 28, 74; Peters,
Inquisition
, p. 82; Netanyahu,
The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain
, pp. 1097–1098.
Again, getting a fix on the numbers is difficult and controversial. See Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit, pp. 7–8, 28, 74; Peters, Inquisition, p. 82; Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain, pp. 1097–1098.
[>]
Sixtus . . . had other distractions:
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners,
pp. 185–186; Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain
, pp. 157–160.

80.
[>]
   
laid down strict guidelines . . . “the most extraordinary bull”:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 49; Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain,
vol. 1, pp. 233–234.
whose prerogatives pushed royal power:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 50.
[>]
   
One historian notes that:
Quoted in Mark Thurner, “Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the Colonial Origins of the Civilized World (review),”
Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History
7, no. 1 (2006), pp. 107–110.
Like state bureaucracies everywhere:
Irene Silverblatt, “Colonial Conspiracies,”
Ethnohistory,
vol. 53, no. 2 (April 2006), pp. 259–280.

81.
[>]
   
Torquemada has achieved
a form of meta-existence:
Torquemada appears in Longfellow’s poem “The Theologian’s Tale; Torquemada” (1863) and in Hugo’s play
Torquemada
(1882). Electric Wizard’s song “Torquemada 71” can be found on the band’s 2008 album
Witchcult Today
. Marlon Brando played Torquemada in the 1992 movie
Christopher Columbus: The Discovery
. The webcomic
Pibgorn
is available at
http://www.gocomics.com/pibgorn
.
a form of meta-existence: Torquemada appears in Longfellow’s poem “The Theologian’s Tale; Torquemada” (1863) and in Hugo’s play Torquemada (1882). Electric Wizard’s song “Torquemada 71” can be found on the band’s 2008 album Witchcult Today. Marlon Brando played Torquemada in the 1992 movie Christopher Columbus: The Discovery. The webcomic Pibgorn is available at
http://www.gocomics.com/pibgorn
.
[>]
   
Torquemada was born:
For details of the inquisitor general’s life, see Lea,
A History of the Inquisition in Spain
, vol. 1, pp. 173–179; Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 47–53, 137–139; Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 28–30.
[>]
   
Whether he himself had Jewish ancestry:
Netanyahu,
The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain
, pp. 431–434, 1249–1250 (fn 60).

82.
[>]
   
“Full of pitiless zeal”:
Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain
, vol. 1, p. 174.
[>]
   
Inquisitors would come to a town . . . in Toledo alone:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 57.

83.    
“The edicts of grace”:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 57.
[>]
   
And the deck was stacked:
Details of the tribunal process in Spain are described in Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 166–172, 177–178, 184–185; Llorente,
A Critical History of the Inquisition
, pp. 62–70; Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 135–136.
[>]
   
Conviction rates
: Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 149.

84.
[>]
   
penalties varied . . . the most feared penalty:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 193–213.
[>]
   
Disease could decimate a fleet:
Crowley,
Empires of the Sea,
pp. 77–78.
[>]
   
contrived to define horse-smuggling as a “crime of faith”:
Monter,
Frontiers of Faith
, pp. 86–89.

85.
[>]
   
They were thick upon the ground:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 75.
[>]
   
five stages of dying:
Kübler-Ross,
On Death and Dying,
pp. 34, 44, 72, 75, 99.

86.
[>]
   
The names the instruments have been given:
A brief survey of the available tools is provided by Kerrigan,
The Instruments of Torture
.

87.
[>]
   
In the so-called Bybee memo:
The Bush administration’s various memos relating to torture can be found at
http://www.propublica.org/special/missing-memos
.
[>]
   
Following Aquinas, the inquisitors:
Sullivan,
The Inner Lives of Medieval Inquisitors,
pp. 184–189.
“
The major downside”:
Alan M. Dershowitz, “The Torture Warrant: A Response to Professor Strauss,”
New York Law School Law Review
, vol. 48, no. 1–2 (2004), pp. 275–294.
[>]
   
Torture might once have been limited:
Peters,
Torture,
pp. 63–64.

88.
[>]
   
illustrates a moral slide . . . intelligence of a lesser kind:
Andrew Sullivan, “Torture Creep,”
The Dish,
May 5, 2011.
[>]
the Greater and Lesser Stress Traditions:
Rejali,
Torture and Democracy,
pp. 295–296.
[>]
   
“interrogators get sneaky”:
Rejali,
Torture and Democracy
, p. 9.
[>]
   
Before a session began . . . minutely detailed account:
Peters,
Torture,
p. 57.

89.
[>]
   
Lea reproduces one such account:
Lea,
A
History of the Inquisition of Spain,
vol. 3, pp. 24– 25.
[>]
   
the recognition, well understood by modern interrogators:
Mark Bowden, “The Dark Art of Interrogation,”
Atlantic Monthly,
October 2003.

90.
[>]
   
Under duress, eight of the ten defendants:
Gisli Gudjonsson, “Confession,”
New Scientist,
November 20, 2004.
[>]
   
confessed to crimes they had not committed:
John Schwartz, “Confessing to Crime, but Innocent,”
New York Times,
September 13, 2010; Brandon L. Garrett, “Getting It Wrong: Convicting the Innocent,”
Slate,
April 13, 2011.
[>]
   
Three main forms of torture were employed:
For a fuller overview of the basic techniques, see Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 146–148; Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain
, vol. 3, pp. 16–22; Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, 187–191.
[>]
   
The first technique . . . the Queen of Torments:
Peters,
Torture,
p. 68.
[>]
   
allowed to drop with a jerk:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 190; Rejali,
Torture and Democracy
, p. 296.

91.
[>]
   
John McCain was subjected to a version of it:
“The Candidates: John McCain,” MSNBC, February 27, 2008.
[>]
   
One prominent case is that of Manadel al-Jamadi:
Jane Mayer, “A Deadly Interrogation,”
The New Yorker,
November 14, 2005.

92.
[>]
   
The recording secretary preserved the moment:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 191.
[>]
   
“Even a small amount of water in the glottis”: Rejali,
Torture and Democracy,
p. 279.
Rejali, Torture and Democracy, p. 279.
[>]
   “
A review of contemporary cases”:
Ole Vedel Rasmussen, “Medical Aspects of Torture,”
Danish Medical Bulletin,
vol. 37, supplement no. 1 (January 1990), pp. 1–88.
[>]
   
The CIA has acknowledged . . . no more than five “sessions”:
Joseph Abrams, “Despite Reports, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Was Not Waterboarded 183 Times,” Fox News, April 28, 2009.

93.
[>]
   
simply a “continuance”:
Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages,
vol. 1, p. 427.
[>]
in order to experience the reality of waterboarding:
Christopher Hitchens, “Believe Me, It’s Torture,”
Vanity Fair,
August 2008.
[>]
   
U.S. forces used various forms of water torture:
Rejali,
Torture and Democracy,
p. 280.

94.
[>]
   
a vivid account:
Alleg,
The Question
, pp. 46–50.
[>]
   
“a dunk in the water”:
“Bush Enters Cheney Torture Row,” BBC News, October 28, 2006.
[>]
   
That wasn’t always so . . . Eventually, the work of prominent historians:
See, for instance, Baer,
History of the Jews in Christian Spain;
Roth,
History of the Marranos;
and Beinart,
Conversos on Trial
and
The
Expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
The larger point about the historiography of the Inquisition is made by Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 309–312, and Peters,
Inquisition,
p. 324.

95.
[>]
   
“Benzion looms above his son”:
David Remnick, “The Outsider,”
The New Yorker,
May 25, 1998.
[>]
   
His father . . . Jabotinsky wing of the movement:
Caspit and Kfir,
Netanyahu: The Road to Power
, p. 14.
[>]
   
Netanyahu came to Palestine . . . professor at Cornell:
Caspit and Kfir,
Netanyahu: The Road to Power,
pp. 13–39.

96.
[>]
   
in withering terms: Netanyahu,
The Origins of the Inquisition
, p. 930.
Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition, p. 930.
[>]
   
“I knew where the
quemadero
was”:
Henry Roth, “The Surveyor,”
The New Yorker,
August 6, 1966.
[>]
   
“incredible romance”:
Roth,
A History of the Marranos
, p. xxiii.
[>]
   
He speaks in precise paragraphs:
Conversation with Benzion Netanyahu, June 2000.

97.
[>]
   
upon meeting him face-to-face:
The interview with Henry Kamen recounted in this chapter took place in Barcelona in September of 2000. The arc of the argument presented here is based on that conversation, on his book
The Spanish Inquisition
, and on follow-up correspondence.

98.    
Kamen agrees . . . and they by him:
Henry Kamen, “The Secret of the Inquisition,”
New York Review of Books,
February 1, 1996.

99.
[>]
   
“green purgatory of rural society”:
Le Roy Ladurie,
The Mind and Method of the Historian,
p. 215.

101.
[>]
   
What turns a society . . . from one thing into another?:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 320.

102.
[>]
   
“fleet of misery and woe”:
Sachar,
Farewell España,
p. 73.
[>]
   
trying to get a handle on the number:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 444.

4. That Satanic Device