Girl Trouble (40 page)

5
Levy, A.,
Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture
, New York: Free Press, 2005.

6
Ibid.
,
p. 4.

7
Ibid., pp. 6, 16 and passim.

8
Martin, Courtney E.,
Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters: The Frightening New Normalcy of Hating Your Body
, New York: Free Press (Simon and Schuster), 2007.

9
Orbach, S.,
Fat Is a Feminist Issue: The Anti-Diet Guide to Permanent Weight Loss,
New York, London: Paddington Press, 1978; Orbach, S.,
Bodies,
London: Profile, 2009.

10
Durham, M. Gigi,
The Lolita Effect
, London: Duckworth, 2009.

11
Walter, N.,
Living Dolls; The Return of Sexism,
London: Virago, 2010.

12
Collins, M., ‘The Pornography of Permissiveness: Men's Sexuality and Women's Emancipation in Mid-Twentieth Century Britain',
History Workshop Journal
, 47, 1999, pp. 99–120.

13
Loncraine, R. ‘Bosom of the Nation: Page Three in the 1970s and 1980s', in Gorji, M. (ed.),
Rude Britannia,
London: Routledge, 2007.

14
Jephcott,
Girls Growing Up
, p. 33.

15
Frazier, A., and Lisonbee, K. L., ‘Adolescent Concerns with Physique',
School Review,
58, 1950, pp. 397–405, as quoted by Hemming, James, in ‘Some Problems of Adolescent Girls', DPhil thesis, University of London, 1957, p. 231. Copy in Bishopsgate Institute.

16
Hemming, James, ‘Some Problems of Adolescent Girls'; see also Hemming, J.,
Problems of Adolescent Girls,
London: Heinemann, 1967.

17
Hemming, James, ‘Some Problems of Adolescent Girls', pp. 231–4.

18
Wolf,
The Beauty Myth
, p. 151. For
Glamour
magazine's update on the 1984 survey see
www.glamour.com/health-fitness/2009/03/women-tell-their-body-confidence-secrets
.

19
See, for instance, Zweiniger-Bargielowska, I., ‘The Body and Consumer Culture' in the same author's edited collection,
Women in Twentieth Century Britain
, London: Longmans, 2000.

20
Brumberg, J. J.,
Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa,
New York: Vintage, 2000 (originally published Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).

21
Crisp, A., Gowers, S., Joughin, N., McClelland, L., Rooney, B., Nielson, S., Bowyer, C., Halek, C., and Hartman, D., ‘The Enduring Nature of
Anorexia Nervosa'
,
European Eating Disorders Review,
14, 2006, pp. 147–52, p. 147. Professor Crisp and his colleague S. G. Gowers interviewed an eighty-year-old woman with anorexia. Born in 1908, she maintained that women's magazines in the 1920s contained many more articles on dieting than their successors in the 1980s.

22
‘Peril of the Rich Twiggies',
Daily Mirror
, 18 July 1979, p. 13.

23
Smith, T., ‘When a Teenage Girl Refuses to Eat',
The Times,
18 April 1975, p. 13; ‘Psychiatry: Anorexia Nervosa',
The Times,
4 June 1976, p. 18.

24
For instance: ‘Must My Daughter Die Like Her Twin?',
Daily Mirror
, 6 August 1997, p. 20; ‘Is Ally Wasting Away?',
Daily Mirror,
7 September 1998, p. 9.

25
‘Anorexic Mum Who Weighs Less than Her 7-Year-Old',
Daily Mirror,
8 November 2011.

26
Wolf,
The Beauty Myth.

27
My thanks to Nicole Albutt, of the eating disorders charity
Beat
, for discussion of some of these issues: the conclusions, of course, are my own.

28
Science Report, ‘Psychiatry: Anorexia Nervosa',
The Times,
4 June 1976, p. 18.

29
Crisp et al., ‘The Enduring Nature of
Anorexia Nervosa'
, pp. 147–52.

30
Currin, L., Schmidt, U., Treasure, J., and Jick, H., ‘Time Trends in Eating Disorder Incidence',
British Journal of Psychiatry
, 186, 2005, pp. 132–5.

31
www.disordered-eating.co.uk/eating-disorders-statistics/anorexia-nervosa-statistics-uk.html
(retrieved 14 April 2012).

32
Ibid.

33
Crisp et al., ‘The Enduring Nature of
Anorexia Nervosa',
p. 151.

34
Penny, L., ‘An Aching Hunger',
Guardian,
11 March 2009, pp. 16–17.

35
Hadley Freeman, ‘We all know that the way the media judge women's bodies is sick – but how directly this leads to eating disorders is less clear',
Guardian
, 3 August 2011, p. 5.

36
There is a huge literature on women and eating disorders. See, among others, Chernin, K.,
The Hungry Self: Women, Eating and Identity,
New York: Times Books, 1985; Bordo, S.,
Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

37
West, P., and Sweeting, H., ‘Fifteen, Female and Stressed: Changing Patterns of Psychological Distress over Time',
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
44:3, 2003, pp. 399–411; Stevenson, B., and Wolfers, J., ‘The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness', Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA),Discussion Paper no. 4,200, May 2009. Both of these studies received a great deal of press attention.

38
Ehrenreich, B., ‘Are Women Getting Sadder?',
Huffington Post
, 13 October 2009,
www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-ehrenreich/are-women-getting-sadder_b_319436.html
.

39
James, O., ‘Too Much, Too Young', Channel 4 at 25 book, British Association of Film and Television Award,
http://25by4.channel4.com/chapter_14/article_4/print
(retrieved 30 April 2010).

40
Hill, A., ‘After Feminism: What Are Girls Supposed to Do?',
Observer
, 21 February 2010.
www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/feb/21/after-feminism-girls-supposed
(retrieved 17 April 2012).

41
Darlington, R., Margo, J. Sternberg, S., and Burks, B,
Through the Looking Glass
, London: Demos, 2011,
www.demos.co.uk/publications/throughthelookingglass
.

42
See, for instance, Fernandez, C., ‘Tesco Condemned for Selling Pole Dancing Toy' Mailonline, 24 October, 2006,
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-412195/Tesco-condemned-selling-pole-dancing-toy.html
;
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tescos-toy-pole-dance-kit-646625
; Laura Barton,
Guardian
,
www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2006/oct/25/1
. All originally posted 2006, retrieved 17 April 2012.

43
Mooney, B., ‘Erotic Girl Group Steals Innocence of Childhood', Mailonline, 3 February 2003, and ‘Sexy Schoolgirls Are Poisoning Our Culture', 9 February 2007;
www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-433601/Erotic-girl-group-steals-innocence-childhood.html
;
www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-434995/Sexy-schoolgirls-poisoning-culture.html
, retrieved 17 April 2012.

44
E.g.
www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/7589004/Primark-withdraws-padded-bikini-tops-for-seven-year-old-girls.html
; for Mumsnet campaign see
http://www.mumsnet.com/campaigns/let-girls-be-girls
.

45
Jill Parkin cited in Durham,
The Lolita Effect
, p. 69.

46
Ibid.

47
BBC News, 18 February 2010, ‘Stop Sexualising Children, Says David Cameron'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8521403.stm
, retrieved 17 February 2012.

48
Penny, L., ‘Let Girls Wear Primark's Padded Bikinis',
Guardian
, 15 April 2010,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/15/primark-padded-bikinis-mumsnet-sexuality
.

49
Ellen, B., ‘Powerless to Protect Our Kids? Oh, Do Grow Up',
Observer
, 5 June 2011,
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/05/children-sexuality-naipaul-kate-moss
.

50
Buckingham, D.,
The Impact of the Commercial World on Children's Wellbeing: Report of an Independent
Assessment
, Departments for Children Schools and Families, and Culture, Media and Sport, December 2009,
www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DCSF-00669-2009
; Papadopoulos, L.,
Sexualisation of Young People Review
, Home Office Publication, 2010, available in National Archives at
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
+/
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/Sexualisation-of-young-people.html
; Bailey, R.,
Letting Children Be Children
:
Report of an Independent Review of the
Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood
, Department for Education, June 2011,
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/CM%208078
.

51
See for instance, Smith, C., review of Papadopoulos in
Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies
, 7:1, May 2010; or, more brutally, Toby Young, ‘The Home Office Report on Child Sexualisation Is a 100-page Cosmopolitan Article',
Telegraph
, 26 February 2010.

52
Carey, T.,
Where Has My Little Girl Gone?
, Oxford: Lion, 2011.

53
The Bill prompted protest campaigns from the National Secular Society and on Facebook, as well as widespread opposition from feminists,
www.guardian.co.uk/education/2012/jan/20/nadine-dorries-sexual-abstinence-bill-withdrawn
(retrieved 17 April 2012).

54
BBC News, 1 June 2010, ‘Dame Joan Bakewell Says Mary Whitehouse Was Right',
www.bbc.co.uk/news/10202116
; and Bakewell, J., ‘Sorry Mrs Whitehouse – I Still Disagree',
Telegraph
, 2 June 2010,
www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7795852/Sorry-Mrs-Whitehouse-I-still-disagree.html
. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

55
Bakewell
,
ibid.

56
Jackson, C., and Tinkler, P., ‘“Ladettes” and “Modern Girls”: “Troublesome” Young Femininities',
Sociological Review
, 55:2, 2007, pp. 251–72. See also Jackson, C., ‘“Wild” Girls? An Exploration of “Ladette” Cultures in Secondary Schools',
Gender and Education,
18:4, 2006, pp. 339–60.

57
Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”', p. 256.

58
Greer, G., ‘Long Live the Essex Girl',
Guardian
, 5 March 2001,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/mar/05/gender
(retrieved 20 February 2012).

59
Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”', pp. 252–3.

60
Pilditch, D., ‘Ladettes … Or Sadettes?',
Mirror
, 9 July 1998, p. 9.

61
Ibid.

62
David Blunkett, quoted in
Daily Mail
, 19 July 2004, p. 33; cited in Jackson and Tinkler, ‘“Ladettes”', pp. 260–1.

63
The series
Ladette to Lady
first aired in the UK on ITV in June 2005.

64
Ellen, B., ‘Laugh at Essex Girls and You Insult All Women',
Observer
, 7 March 2010, p. 13.

65
Hill, A., ‘Today's Girls “Would Rather Look Sexy Than Be Clever”',
Observer
, 9 December 2007, p. 5.

66
Aitkenhead, D., ‘Have I Read My Autobiographies? No, Cos I Know What's in Them',
Guardian
(Review section), 16 August 2010, pp. 7–10.

67
See Higgins, C., ‘Raw Genius', a tribute to Corinne Day, in the
Guardian
, 1 September 2010 (Review section), pp. 10–11; Watson, L., ‘Corinne Day: Photographer Celebrated for Her Ground-breaking Work with Kate Moss',
Independent
,
6 September 2010,
www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/corinne-day-photographer-celebrated-for-her-groundbreaking-work-with-kate-moss-2071149.html
, retrieved 18 April 2012.

68
E.g. ‘Peril of Skinny Kate',
Daily Mirror
, 10 November 1994, p. 15; ‘Kate's Sick of Taking Stick',
Daily Mirror
, 5 August 1994, p. 17.

69
E.g. ‘Cocaine Kate: Her Confession',
Daily Mirror,
19 September 2005, p. 11; ‘F*** OFF! F*** OFF! F*** OFF! F*** OFF! Just F*** OFF',
Daily Mirror
, 16 September 2005, pp. 2–5.

70
Walter,
Living Dolls
.

71
Ibid., pp. 37–8.

72
Ibid.
,
p. 4.

73
Toynbee, P., ‘Girlification Is Destroying All the Hope We Felt in 1968',
Guardian,
15 April 2008, p. 29.

74
www.pinkstinks.co.uk
.

75
Russell, R., and Tyler, M., ‘Thank Heaven for Little Girls: “Girl Heaven” and the Commercial Context of Feminine Childhood',
Sociology
, 36, 2002, pp. 619–37.

76
Liz Jones, ‘Sex and the City and 7 in Heels – the Pathetic Woman's Must-haves', Mailonline, 26 April 2008,
www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/columnists/article-562243/Sex-The-City-7in-heels--pathetic-womans-haves.html
, retrieved 18 April 2012.

77
Arnot et al.,
Closing the Gender Gap
.

78
Dyhouse, C., ‘Gaining Places: The Rising Proportion of Women Students in Universities after 1970', in the same author's
Students
.