Forgotten Land (38 page)
Authors: Max Egremont
Introduction
See Here
For Arno Surminski on East Prussian mixed blood, see his
Polninken oder Eine deutsche Liebe
(Hamburg 1984), pp. 21 – 2.
For Arno Surminski on East Prussian mixed blood, see his
Polninken oder Eine deutsche Liebe
(Hamburg 1984), pp. 21 – 2.
1: The Whispering Past
See Here
What remains of the German Königsberg is described in Baldur Köster,
Königsberg: Architectur aus Deutscher Zeit
(Husum 2000); Yuri Ivanov,
Königsberg und Umgebung
(Dülmen 1994); and Veniamin Eremeev,
Monuments of Defensive Architecture
(Kaliningrad 2006). For a guide to Kaliningrad today, see Neil Taylor et al.,
Baltic Capitals
(Chalfont St Peter 2001).
What remains of the German Königsberg is described in Baldur Köster,
Königsberg: Architectur aus Deutscher Zeit
(Husum 2000); Yuri Ivanov,
Königsberg und Umgebung
(Dülmen 1994); and Veniamin Eremeev,
Monuments of Defensive Architecture
(Kaliningrad 2006). For a guide to Kaliningrad today, see Neil Taylor et al.,
Baltic Capitals
(Chalfont St Peter 2001).
See Here
Otto Lasch published a self-justifying account of the siege in
So fiel Königsberg
(Munich 1959).
Otto Lasch published a self-justifying account of the siege in
So fiel Königsberg
(Munich 1959).
See Here
For the House of Commons debate, see Hansard HC vol. 406, 15 December 1944, cols 1477 – 1578. Also Matthew Frank,
Expelling the Germans
(Oxford 2007), p. 75.
For the House of Commons debate, see Hansard HC vol. 406, 15 December 1944, cols 1477 – 1578. Also Matthew Frank,
Expelling the Germans
(Oxford 2007), p. 75.
See Here
‘this enormous crime’: George Orwell,
Collected Essays
, vol. 3 (London 1968), p. 327.
‘this enormous crime’: George Orwell,
Collected Essays
, vol. 3 (London 1968), p. 327.
See Here
Kant’s end features in Manfred Kuehn,
Kant
(Cambridge 2001), pp. 413 – 22. Also Zinovy Zinik, ‘Letter from Kaliningrad’,
Times Literary Supplement
, 26 April 2002.
Kant’s end features in Manfred Kuehn,
Kant
(Cambridge 2001), pp. 413 – 22. Also Zinovy Zinik, ‘Letter from Kaliningrad’,
Times Literary Supplement
, 26 April 2002.
26 – 27
Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
Prussian Nights
, trans. Robert Conquest (New York 1977). See also Michael Scammell,
Solzhenitsyn
(London 1985) pp. 137 – 48 for the writer’s East Prussian war experiences.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
Prussian Nights
, trans. Robert Conquest (New York 1977). See also Michael Scammell,
Solzhenitsyn
(London 1985) pp. 137 – 48 for the writer’s East Prussian war experiences.
See Here
See Michael Wieck,
A Childhood under Hitler and Stalin
(Madison 2003).
See Michael Wieck,
A Childhood under Hitler and Stalin
(Madison 2003).
2: A Frontier Land
See Here
For Knox on India, see his speeches in the House of Commons: Hansard HC vol. 252, 13 May 1931, cols,12 81 – 2.
For Knox on India, see his speeches in the House of Commons: Hansard HC vol. 252, 13 May 1931, cols,12 81 – 2.
See Here
‘A bold raid into East Prussia’: The National Archives, FO 371/1218 f.387.
‘A bold raid into East Prussia’: The National Archives, FO 371/1218 f.387.
See Here
See Knox’s report. FO 371/1218 f 392-411.
See Knox’s report. FO 371/1218 f 392-411.
See Here
‘Eastern Germany lies outside the range’: Baedeker,
Northern Germany
(London 1913), p. xvii.
‘Eastern Germany lies outside the range’: Baedeker,
Northern Germany
(London 1913), p. xvii.
See Here
Typescript of Eulenburg’s memoir
Drei Freunde
, in the possession of his descendants at Schloss Hertefeld. I am very grateful to Professor John Röhl for letting me see this.
Typescript of Eulenburg’s memoir
Drei Freunde
, in the possession of his descendants at Schloss Hertefeld. I am very grateful to Professor John Röhl for letting me see this.
See Here
For the photograph of Alexander von Dohna and Mr Konarzewski, see Alexander Fürst zu Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreußen
(Berlin 1989), p. 327.
For the photograph of Alexander von Dohna and Mr Konarzewski, see Alexander Fürst zu Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen eines alten Ostpreußen
(Berlin 1989), p. 327.
See Here
The Duke Albrecht manuscript was lot 25, Sotheby’s London Manuscript sale 7 July 2009.
The Duke Albrecht manuscript was lot 25, Sotheby’s London Manuscript sale 7 July 2009.
See Here
Diesch’s obituary: Walter Pause in ‘Nachruf auf Carl Diesch’ in
Tübinger Frankenzeitung
, no. 95, July 1957, p. 16.
Diesch’s obituary: Walter Pause in ‘Nachruf auf Carl Diesch’ in
Tübinger Frankenzeitung
, no. 95, July 1957, p. 16.
See Here
‘common error’: see ‘Prussians aren’t Slavs’ letter from Professor Charles E. Townsend,
New York Times
, 7 September 1991.
‘common error’: see ‘Prussians aren’t Slavs’ letter from Professor Charles E. Townsend,
New York Times
, 7 September 1991.
52 Kultur
: Fritz Gause,
Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg
(Cologne 1968 – 72), vol. 1, p. 5.
: Fritz Gause,
Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg
(Cologne 1968 – 72), vol. 1, p. 5.
See Here
‘meritorious’: ibid., vol. 2, pp. 311 – 13.
‘meritorious’: ibid., vol. 2, pp. 311 – 13.
See Here
‘Jewish merchants’: ibid.
‘Jewish merchants’: ibid.
See Here
For Knox’s dispatch, see The National Archives, WO 106/1039.
For Knox’s dispatch, see The National Archives, WO 106/1039.
See Here
‘wonderful’ – the start of a ‘great adventure’: Alfred Knox,
With the Russian Army
(London 1921
)
, 1, p. 40.
‘wonderful’ – the start of a ‘great adventure’: Alfred Knox,
With the Russian Army
(London 1921
)
, 1, p. 40.
See Here
Gause on changing names: see Gause,
Die Geshichte der Stadt Königsberg
, vol. 3, p. 3.
Gause on changing names: see Gause,
Die Geshichte der Stadt Königsberg
, vol. 3, p. 3.
See Here
Januschau, lieutenant and ten men: see Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau,
Erinnerungen
(Leipzig 1936), pp. 109 – 11.
Januschau, lieutenant and ten men: see Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau,
Erinnerungen
(Leipzig 1936), pp. 109 – 11.
See Here
For Lehndorff in 1945, see Lehndorff,
East Prussian Diary
(London 1963), pp. 185 – 249.
For Lehndorff in 1945, see Lehndorff,
East Prussian Diary
(London 1963), pp. 185 – 249.
3: ‘Talent is a duty’
See Here
‘wept and wept and wept’: Käthe Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
(Munich 2007 edn), 1 August 1919, p. 433.
‘wept and wept and wept’: Käthe Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
(Munich 2007 edn), 1 August 1919, p. 433.
See Here
‘I want to be wild’: ibid., 18 August 1910, p. 80.
‘I want to be wild’: ibid., 18 August 1910, p. 80.
See Here
‘Don’t worry, Mother’: Elizabeth Prelinger,
Käthe Kollwitz
(Washington DC 1992), p. 155.
‘Don’t worry, Mother’: Elizabeth Prelinger,
Käthe Kollwitz
(Washington DC 1992), p. 155.
See Here
‘kitsch’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher,
19 August 1909, p. 44.
‘kitsch’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher,
19 August 1909, p. 44.
See Here
‘weeping, weeping’: ibid., 11 August 1914, p. 153.
‘weeping, weeping’: ibid., 11 August 1914, p. 153.
See Here
‘like Goethe, “I saw the world with eyes filled with love”’: ibid., 27 August 1914, p. 157.
‘like Goethe, “I saw the world with eyes filled with love”’: ibid., 27 August 1914, p. 157.
See Here
‘Russia remains’: ibid., p. 157.
‘Russia remains’: ibid., p. 157.
4: A Polished Helmet
See Here
‘as so many Russians are’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 46.
‘as so many Russians are’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 46.
See Here
‘I sit like an old woman’: Wolfram Pyta
, Hindenburg: Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler
(Munich 2007), p. 42.
‘I sit like an old woman’: Wolfram Pyta
, Hindenburg: Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler
(Munich 2007), p. 42.
See Here
‘a polished helmet’: ibid.
‘a polished helmet’: ibid.
See Here
‘Tannenberg! A word pregnant’: Marshal [Paul] von Hindenburg,
Out of my Life
(London 1920), p. 92.
‘Tannenberg! A word pregnant’: Marshal [Paul] von Hindenburg,
Out of my Life
(London 1920), p. 92.
See Here
‘I believe your old man may become famous’: Pyta,
Hindenburg
, p. 55.
‘I believe your old man may become famous’: Pyta,
Hindenburg
, p. 55.
See Here
‘We had an ally’: Janusz Tycner,
Auf den Spuren von Tannenberg 1914
(Warsaw 2008), p. 51.
‘We had an ally’: Janusz Tycner,
Auf den Spuren von Tannenberg 1914
(Warsaw 2008), p. 51.
See Here
For statistics of 1914 destruction, see Andreas Kossert,
Ostpreußen, Geschichte und Mythos
(Munich 2007), p. 202, and Kossert,
Masuren
(Munich 2001), p. 236.
For statistics of 1914 destruction, see Andreas Kossert,
Ostpreußen, Geschichte und Mythos
(Munich 2007), p. 202, and Kossert,
Masuren
(Munich 2001), p. 236.
See Here
Tilsit, ‘educated’ man and the Lesch story: Tycner,
Auf den Spuren von Tannenberg 1914,
pp. 75 – 81.
Tilsit, ‘educated’ man and the Lesch story: Tycner,
Auf den Spuren von Tannenberg 1914,
pp. 75 – 81.
See Here
‘the position was very critical’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 173.
‘the position was very critical’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 173.
See Here
‘nodal points’: Scammell,
Solzhenitsyn
, p. 730.
‘nodal points’: Scammell,
Solzhenitsyn
, p. 730.
5: The Grieving Parents
See Here
‘It is ugly here, very ugly’: Hannelore Fischer (ed.),
Käthe Kollwitz: Die trauernden Eltern. Ein Mahnmal für den Frieden
(Cologne 1999), p. 72.
‘It is ugly here, very ugly’: Hannelore Fischer (ed.),
Käthe Kollwitz: Die trauernden Eltern. Ein Mahnmal für den Frieden
(Cologne 1999), p. 72.
See Here
‘All a fraud’: ibid., pp. 72 – 3.
‘All a fraud’: ibid., pp. 72 – 3.
See Here
‘the English fellow’: ibid., pp. 72 – 3.
‘the English fellow’: ibid., pp. 72 – 3.
6: Ober-Ost
See Here
‘unbearable demands’: quoted in F. L. Carsten,
A History of the Prussian Junkers
(Aldershot 1989), pp. 124 – 5.
‘unbearable demands’: quoted in F. L. Carsten,
A History of the Prussian Junkers
(Aldershot 1989), pp. 124 – 5.
100 – 1
‘the worst thing since Tannenberg’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 241.
‘the worst thing since Tannenberg’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 1, p. 241.
See Here
‘If ever there has been a Government’: ibid., p. 334.
‘If ever there has been a Government’: ibid., p. 334.
See Here
‘My boy, I am with you’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, 12 November 1914, p. 175.
‘My boy, I am with you’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, 12 November 1914, p. 175.
See Here
‘faithful’: ibid, 26 December 1914, p. 180.
‘faithful’: ibid, 26 December 1914, p. 180.
See Here
‘hard, awkward, haggard’: quoted ibid., note to diary entry for 10 July 1917, p. 821.
‘hard, awkward, haggard’: quoted ibid., note to diary entry for 10 July 1917, p. 821.
7: ‘Seed corn is not for harvesting’
See Here
‘Russia is a big country’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 2, p. 569.
‘Russia is a big country’: Knox,
With the Russian Army
, vol. 2, p. 569.
See Here
‘a repulsive individual’: ibid., pp. 712 – 13.
‘a repulsive individual’: ibid., pp. 712 – 13.
See Here
‘This is a type of British officer’: quoted in Peter Fleming,
The Fate of Admiral Kolchak
(London 1963), p. 129.
‘This is a type of British officer’: quoted in Peter Fleming,
The Fate of Admiral Kolchak
(London 1963), p. 129.
See Here
‘Seed corn is not for harvesting’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, October 1918, p. 840n.
‘Seed corn is not for harvesting’: Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, October 1918, p. 840n.
See Here
‘good and calm’: ibid., 6 November 1917, p. 339.
‘good and calm’: ibid., 6 November 1917, p. 339.
See Here
‘Bravo Hindenburg’: ibid., 11 November 1918, p. 381.
‘Bravo Hindenburg’: ibid., 11 November 1918, p. 381.
8: East Prussia’s Versailles
See Here
In 2003, a critic: see Gerrit Walther, ‘Rechnerdaten zum Rittergut’,
Frank furter Allgemeine Zeitung
, 20 October 2003, p. 38. The
Simplicissimus
caricature is shown in Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen
, p. 21.
In 2003, a critic: see Gerrit Walther, ‘Rechnerdaten zum Rittergut’,
Frank furter Allgemeine Zeitung
, 20 October 2003, p. 38. The
Simplicissimus
caricature is shown in Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen
, p. 21.
See Here
For the Schlobitten collection, see Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen
, p. 21, and also Carl Grommelt and Christine von Mertens,
Das Dohnasche Schloss Schlobitten in Ostpreussen
(Stuttgart 1962), in which Alexander von Dohna wrote the chapter on coins.
For the Schlobitten collection, see Dohna-Schlobitten,
Erinnerungen
, p. 21, and also Carl Grommelt and Christine von Mertens,
Das Dohnasche Schloss Schlobitten in Ostpreussen
(Stuttgart 1962), in which Alexander von Dohna wrote the chapter on coins.
118 – 19
For photographs of little boy and shopkeeper Fürst, see Dohna-Schlobittten,
Erinnerungen
, pp. 10 and 319.
For photographs of little boy and shopkeeper Fürst, see Dohna-Schlobittten,
Erinnerungen
, pp. 10 and 319.
See Here
‘Proletarians of the World Unite’: ibid., p. 84.
‘Proletarians of the World Unite’: ibid., p. 84.
9: ‘Names that are named no more’
See Here
‘Dodo’ refused to give up her religion: for Marion Dönhoff’s view, see Kilian Heck and Christian Thielmann (eds),
Friedrichstein: Das Schloss der Grafen von Dönhoff in Ostpreussen
(Munich 2006), p. 79.
‘Dodo’ refused to give up her religion: for Marion Dönhoff’s view, see Kilian Heck and Christian Thielmann (eds),
Friedrichstein: Das Schloss der Grafen von Dönhoff in Ostpreussen
(Munich 2006), p. 79.
See Here
Marion Dönhoff wrote about her 1989 visit to Kaliningrad
in ‘Reise ins verschlossene Land oder: eine Fahrt für und mit Kant’,
Die Zeit
, no. 36, 1 September 1989.
Marion Dönhoff wrote about her 1989 visit to Kaliningrad
in ‘Reise ins verschlossene Land oder: eine Fahrt für und mit Kant’,
Die Zeit
, no. 36, 1 September 1989.
See Here
‘I didn’t cry when I was born’: Yuri Ivanov,
Von Kaliningrad nach Königsberg
(Leer 1991), p. 125.
‘I didn’t cry when I was born’: Yuri Ivanov,
Von Kaliningrad nach Königsberg
(Leer 1991), p. 125.
See Here
August’s letters are cited in Marion Dönhoff,
Preußen: Maß und Maßlosigkeit
(Berlin 1994), pp. 8 – 10.
August’s letters are cited in Marion Dönhoff,
Preußen: Maß und Maßlosigkeit
(Berlin 1994), pp. 8 – 10.
See Here
‘loved’ the place: Klaus Harpprecht,
Die Gräfin: Marion Dönhoff
(Hamburg 2008), p. 91.
‘loved’ the place: Klaus Harpprecht,
Die Gräfin: Marion Dönhoff
(Hamburg 2008), p. 91.
10: A Lost Victory
See Here
‘Who rules in Januschau?’: Oldenburg-Januschau,
Erinnerungen
, p. 208.
‘Who rules in Januschau?’: Oldenburg-Januschau,
Erinnerungen
, p. 208.
See Here
‘faithful ones … hasten to my aid!’: ‘Hindenburg’s Call to Arms’,
The Times
, 18 February 1919, p. 7.
‘faithful ones … hasten to my aid!’: ‘Hindenburg’s Call to Arms’,
The Times
, 18 February 1919, p. 7.
See Here
For Walter and Johannes Krüger and their design, see Jürgen Tietz,
Das Tannenberg-Nationaldenkmal
(Berlin 1999), particularly pp. 47 – 85.
For Walter and Johannes Krüger and their design, see Jürgen Tietz,
Das Tannenberg-Nationaldenkmal
(Berlin 1999), particularly pp. 47 – 85.
11: Fallen Oak Leaves
See Here
‘It is enough’: Käthe Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, notes on July 1925, p. 887n.
‘It is enough’: Käthe Kollwitz,
Die Tagebücher
, notes on July 1925, p. 887n.
See Here
‘soulless’: ibid., 22 October 1929, p. 645.
‘soulless’: ibid., 22 October 1929, p. 645.
See Here
‘Yes, yes’: ibid., 14 August 1932, p. 669.
‘Yes, yes’: ibid., 14 August 1932, p. 669.
See Here
‘The war was not a pleasant affair’: ibid., July 1932, p. 667.
‘The war was not a pleasant affair’: ibid., July 1932, p. 667.
12: The Need for Order
See Here
‘The Russians were just too simple’: quoted in review ‘An Attaché with the Russian Army’,
Times Literary Supplement
, 24 November 1921, p. 759.
‘The Russians were just too simple’: quoted in review ‘An Attaché with the Russian Army’,
Times Literary Supplement
, 24 November 1921, p. 759.
See Here
For Knox’s adoption meeting and Desborough speech, see
Bucks Free Press
, 17 October 1924. Other speeches about
Bolshevism etc. are quoted in ibid., 24 July and 10 October 1924.
For Knox’s adoption meeting and Desborough speech, see
Bucks Free Press
, 17 October 1924. Other speeches about
Bolshevism etc. are quoted in ibid., 24 July and 10 October 1924.
See Here
‘completely uneducated’:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, entry for Woodhouse (née Bousher), Vera Florence Annie, Lady Terrington.
‘completely uneducated’:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, entry for Woodhouse (née Bousher), Vera Florence Annie, Lady Terrington.
13: Kantgrad
See Here
‘the world must make up its mind’: ‘Kant Bicentenary’,
The Times
, 23 April 1924, p. 17.
‘the world must make up its mind’: ‘Kant Bicentenary’,
The Times
, 23 April 1924, p. 17.
See Here
For Duisburg lectures on Kant, see Lorenz Grimoni and Martina Will (eds),
Immanuel Kant: Erkenntnis, Freiheit, Frieden
(Husum 2004).
For Duisburg lectures on Kant, see Lorenz Grimoni and Martina Will (eds),
Immanuel Kant: Erkenntnis, Freiheit, Frieden
(Husum 2004).
See Here
‘To brag of one’s country’: quoted in Isaiah Berlin,
Three Critics of the Enlightenment
(London 2000), p. 181.
‘To brag of one’s country’: quoted in Isaiah Berlin,
Three Critics of the Enlightenment
(London 2000), p. 181.
See Here
‘I am not here to think’: quoted in Isaiah Berlin,
The Crooked Timber of Humanity
(London 1990), p. 223.
‘I am not here to think’: quoted in Isaiah Berlin,
The Crooked Timber of Humanity
(London 1990), p. 223.
14: ‘May every discord break against this monument’
See Here
‘The accusation that Germany was responsible’: ‘Germany and War Guilt’,
The Times
, 19 September 1927, p. 12.
‘The accusation that Germany was responsible’: ‘Germany and War Guilt’,
The Times
, 19 September 1927, p. 12.
See Here
‘who have their stronghold in eastern Prussia’: ‘The Tannenberg Speech’,
The Times
, 20 September 1927, p. 14.
‘who have their stronghold in eastern Prussia’: ‘The Tannenberg Speech’,
The Times
, 20 September 1927, p. 14.
See Here
‘quite attractive’: quoted in Andreas Dorpalen,
Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic
(Princeton 1964), p. 432.
‘quite attractive’: quoted in Andreas Dorpalen,
Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic
(Princeton 1964), p. 432.
171 – 2
‘the affairs of the notorious East Prussian landowner’: Horace Rumbold to Sir John Simon in
Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919 – 1939,
2nd series, vol. 4 (London 1960), p. 393.
‘the affairs of the notorious East Prussian landowner’: Horace Rumbold to Sir John Simon in
Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919 – 1939,
2nd series, vol. 4 (London 1960), p. 393.
See Here
‘accomplished’: ‘A Tannenberg Parade’,
The Times
, 28 August 1933, p. 9.
‘accomplished’: ‘A Tannenberg Parade’,
The Times
, 28 August 1933, p. 9.
See Here
‘When I pursue my memories’: ibid.
‘When I pursue my memories’: ibid.
See Here
‘the last triumph of the old army’: ‘Hindenburg’s funeral’,
The Times
, 8 August 1934, p. 10.
‘the last triumph of the old army’: ‘Hindenburg’s funeral’,
The Times
, 8 August 1934, p. 10.
See Here
‘where President Hindenburg rests’: Baedeker,
Germany
(London 1936), p. xiv.
‘where President Hindenburg rests’: Baedeker,
Germany
(London 1936), p. xiv.
See Here
‘one of the noblest war memorials’: Bernard Newman,
Baltic Roundabout
(London 1939), p. 229.
‘one of the noblest war memorials’: Bernard Newman,
Baltic Roundabout
(London 1939), p. 229.
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