Five Billion Years of Solitude (47 page)

Apollo,
1
,
50
,
151
,
187
,
202
,
212
,
239

Ares V,
203

Atlantis,
185
–87

ATLAST,
198
,
203
,
230

Challenger,
3
,
188
–89

Columbia,
189
,
196

commercial providers and,
233
–34,
258
–59

Constellation program,
196
,
198
,
203
,
204
,
215
,
221
,
223

ExoplanetSat,
256
–57

Galileo,
241
–42

Great Observatories,
192
,
197
,
209

Hubble Space Telescope,
189
–93,
195
,
197
–99,
205
–7,
209
,
218
–19,
226

International Space Station,
187
,
189
,
197
,
202
,
207
–8,
210

James Webb Space Telescope,
193
–99,
202
–4,
209
,
215
,
216
,
218
,
220
,
225
,
262

Kepler Space Telescope,
13
–14,
53
–54,
56
,
62
,
71
–73,
98
,
108
–9,
166
,
201
,
225
,
229
–30,
263

to Mars,
187
,
188
,
196
,
207
,
221

to Moon,
see
Moon, missions to

New Horizons,
239

OpTIIX,
207
–8,
210

Pioneer,
239
–40

Saturn
rockets,
151
–52,
187
,
188
,
202
,
203

shuttle program failures,
188
–89

Terrestrial Planet Finders,
see
Terrestrial Planet Finders

Tsiolkovsky and,
186
–87

Voyager,
see
Voyager missions

Space Telescope Science Institute,
198
,
199
,
212
,
257
–58

spectra,
200
–202,
250

spectroscopy, spectrometers,
33
–34,
51
–52

in Alpha Centauri search,
94
–98

CHIRON,
62

Hamilton,
58
,
114

HARPS,
60
–61,
63
–69,
96
,
98

HIRES,
59
–63,
66

iodine cell calibration in,
58

radial-velocity (RV),
51
,
53
–58,
60
,
61
–64,
66
,
68
,
94
–98,
108
,
114

Spergel, David,
218
–20,
249

Spitzer, Lyman,
189
,
209

Spitzer Space Telescope,
192
,
209

Sproul Telescope,
52

spy satellites,
188
,
189
,
205
,
209

SRI International,
42

Stahl, Phil,
203

Stamenkovic, Vlada,
259

stars,
200
–201

47 Ursae Majoris,
59

51 Pegasi,
50

61 Virginis,
55

70 Virginis,
59

Alpha Centauri,
see
Alpha Centauri

binary systems,
18
,
94

Dyson spheres for capturing energy of,
104
,
105

in early cosmology,
78
–80

of exoplanets, observations of,
33

formation of,
17
–18,
27

GJ 667C,
65
,
66

Gliese 581,
63
,
68
,
163

HD 83443,
60

HD 209458,
60
,
228

HR 8799,
238

Kepler field,
41

laws of nature and,
155
–56

M13 cluster,
39
–41

measuring distances to,
86

Proxima Centauri,
94
,
97

red dwarf (M-dwarf),
27
,
172
,
228
–30,
262

spectroscopy and,
see
spectroscopy, spectrometers

Sun-like,
18
,
50
,
55
,
201
,
228
,
230
,
238
,
256
,
257

transits of planets across,
53

Star Wars,
260
–61

Stoermer, Eugene,
135

Struve, Otto,
15
,
18
–19,
25
,
32
,
47
–48

sulfuric acid,
173

Sun,
31
,
73
,
87

birth of,
2
,
31
,
238

Dyson spheres for capturing energy of,
104
,
105

in early cosmology,
78
–82

Earth’s distance from,
83
,
86

end of life on Earth caused by,
7
,
31
–32,
75
–77,
159
,
180
–83

faint young Sun problem,
173
–75

heliocentrism and,
79
–82

orbit of,
95

shell of light surrounding,
237
–38

as telescope,
35
–37

Sun-like stars,
18
,
50
,
55
,
201
,
228
,
230
,
238
,
256
,
257

supernovae,
30
,
88

Swarthmore College,
52

systemic,
71

Systemic Console,
54
,
65

Tau Ceti,
10
–11

technological civilizations,
29
,
32
,
104
–5

emergence of,
21
–22

longevity of,
22
–25,
38
–39,
41
,
42