Five Billion Years of Solitude (43 page)

humanity’s ascent,
144
–46

intelligent,
20
–21,
182
–83

jump from single-celled to multicellular,
28

redox reactions and,
168

Earth-like planets,
29
,
32
–34,
71
–72,
99
,
227
–28

Earth-size or Earth-mass planets,
6
,
53
–54,
56
,
200
,
227
,
251

ecology and economics,
74

economic growth,
102
,
103

Eddington, Arthur,
35

Edison, Thomas,
106

Einstein, Albert,
35
,
87

Elachi, Charles,
211
–12,
214
,
221

electricity,
103
,
136

Emerson, Ralph Waldo,
254

Endeavour,
190

endosymbiosis,
143

energy,
103
–4,
136
–38

from fossil fuels,
103
,
124
–27,
137
,
154
,
160
,
184

Engelder, Terry,
126

Epicurus,
80

Epsilon Eridani,
10
–11

Eshleman, Von,
35

ethanol,
137

eukaryotes,
143
,
144

European Southern Observatory (ESO),
60
,
64
,
66

European Space Agency,
222

evolution,
183

convergent,
21

of universe,
88
–89

exoplanetology,
13
,
14
,
34
,
51
,
193

exoplanets,
5
,
27
–28,
87
,
222
–23,
263

51 Pegasi b,
50
,
53
,
54
,
58
–59

Alpha Centauri Bb,
98
–99

biosignatures and,
167
–72,
261
–62

Blue Marble images of,
212
–15

distinguishing between various compositions of,
251

Earth-like,
29
,
32
–34,
71
–72,
99
,
227
–28

Earth-size or Earth-mass,
6
,
53
–54,
56
,
200
,
227
,
251

formation of,
109

GJ 667Cc,
65
–69,
72

Gliese 581c,
163

Gliese 581d,
163

Gliese 581g (Zarmina’s World),
63
–64,
68
,
69
,
72
,
163

Gliese 876b,
60

habitability of,
154
–83

HD 85512b,
163
–64

Jupiter-like,
13
,
28
,
50
,
56
,
59
,
60
,
108
,
109
,
226
,
228
,
248
–49

Laughlin’s valuation of,
71
–77

migration theory and,
108

Neptune-like,
56
,
108
–9,
251

“Next 40 Years” conference on,
225
–35,
263

observation of stars of,
33

snow line idea and,
110

super-Earths,
228
–29,
251
,
262

transits of,
53

TrES-4,
228

exoplanet searches,
5
–7,
13
–14,
32
–33,
69
–70

and false-alarm discoveries,
52
–53

press releases on progress in,
163
–65

SETI and,
see
SETI

spectroscopy in,
see
spectroscopy, spectrometers

see also
telescopes

Ferguson, Chris,
185
–86

financial markets,
111
–12

Fischer, Debra,
59
,
61
,
62
,
69
,
96

Ford, Eric,
249
–50

Ford, Henry,
125

fossil fuels,
103
,
124
–27,
137
,
154
,
160
,
184

fracking (hydraulic fracturing),
126
–27

Gaia hypothesis,
175
,
176
,
178
,
183

galactic planetary census,
54

galaxies,
87
,
88
,
99
,
238

Andromeda,
31
,
191
,
238

Hubble Telescope and,
191

Local Group of,
88

Milky Way,
see
Milky Way

Galileo,
241
–42

Galileo Galilei,
81
–83,
210

Galliher, Scot,
257

Garrels, Robert,
178

gas, natural,
125
–27,
137
,
184

Gemini telescopes,
199
–200,
203

General Dynamics Astronautics time capsule,
100
–103

geologic time periods,
128
–45

geology,
110
–11,
123

glaciers,
132
–34,
142
,
174
,
176
,
178
,
179
,
183

Glenn, John,
100

Goldin, Dan,
194
,
211
,
215
,
242

governments, Urey on,
102

gravitational lenses,
35
–37

Great Observatories,
192
,
197
,
209

Greece, ancient,
77
,
92
,
238

Green Bank conference,
15
–25,
27
–28,
101
,
167
–68,
240

greenhouse gases,
124
,
134
,
137
,
157
,
160
,
174
,
175

carbon dioxide,
see
carbon dioxide

methane,
140
,
142
,
168
–71,
174
,
200

Grunsfeld, John,
197
–99,
225
–26,
235

Guedes, Javiera,
96

Gund Institute for Ecological Economics,
74
–75