Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (54 page)
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Authors: Ruth Scurr
43.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 623.
44.
Ibid.
45.
Ibid., p. 624.
46.
Ibid., p. 625.
47.
Thompson (1989), p. 182.
48.
Croker (1857), p. 561.
49.
Jones (1990), p. 204.
50.
Carnot’s decree of August 1793,
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 73, p. 121.
51.
Charlotte does not date this trip in her memoirs, but Augustin wrote to Buissart in Arras on 20 July 1793 telling him he had agreed to go on mission; see Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 176. It was during this trip that Augustin and Charlotte first met Napoleon Bonaparte, who later gave Charlotte a state pension of thirty-six hundred francs when he became premier consul; see Laponneraye (2000), p. 113.
52.
Laponneraye (2002), pp. 87–88.
53.
Ibid., p. 94.
54.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 539.
55.
Thompson (1939), p. 446; Mathiez (1973), p. 138.
56.
Lazare Carnot and Claude Prieur joined the Committee of Public Safety on 14 August, just over a fortnight after Robespierre, then Jacques Billaud-Varenne and Jean Marie Collot d’Herbois joined on 6 September; see Palmer (1965), p. 4.
57.
Carlyle (1848), vol. 3, p. 277.
58.
Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, pp. 13–15.
59.
Hardman (1999), p. 112.
60.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 74, pp. 303–4.
61.
Doyle (1990), p. 253.
62.
Croker (1857), p. 263.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid., p. 264.
65.
Le moniteur
, vol. 18, p. 146.
66.
Croker (1857), p. 357.
67.
Thompson (1989), p. 89.
68.
Ibid., p. 70.
69.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 159.
70.
Claretie (1908), pp. 194–95.
71.
Thompson (1989), p. 90.
72.
Croker (1857), p. 564.
73.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 77, p. 500.
74.
Robespierre (1920), p. 3.
75.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 77, pp. 500–501.
76.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, pp. 32–33.
77.
Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, pp. 492–536.
78.
Hardman (1999), p. 114.
79.
Thompson (1939), p. 430.
80.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 8, p. 233.
81.
Ibid., vol. 10, p. 195.
82.
Thompson (1939), p. 428; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 194.
83.
Belloc (1927), p. 281.
84.
Palmer (1965), p. 127.
85.
Le vieux Cordelier
, p. 73.
86.
Ibid., p. 75.
87.
Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 569; Belloc (1927), p. 284.
88.
Le vieux Cordelier
, p. 14.
89.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 309.
90.
Le vieux Cordelier
, p. 20.
91.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 309.
92.
Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 603.
93.
Ibid., pp. 601–2.
94.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 352.
95.
Ibid., p. 357.
96.
Ibid., p. 374.
97.
Thompson (1989), p. 129.
98.
Hardman (1999), p. 137.
99.
Hamel (1987), vol. 2, p. 335.
100.
Thompson (1989), p. 129. Williams (n.d.), p. 128, describes Danton’s conversations with prisoners in the Conciergerie.
101.
The source of this story is a friend of a friend of E. Hamel. See Thompson (1939), p. 463; Hamel (1987), vol. 2, p. 337.
102.
Danton (1910), p. 247.
103.
Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 753.
104.
Belloc (1910), p. 301.
105.
Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, pp. 305–32.
106.
There is evidence to suggest that Robespierre’s notes were written in response to an initial draft of Saint-Just’s speech, in which case the collaboration between them was even more complex. See Mathiez (1973), pp. 121–56.
107.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 414.
108.
Desmoulins (1874), pp. 389–91.
109.
Danton (1910), p. 248.
110.
Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 745.
111.
Danton (1910), p. 250.
112.
Ibid., pp. 257–58.
113.
Ibid., pp. 259–64.
114.
Ibid., pp. 251–52.
115.
Archives Parlementaires
, vol. 88, pp. 151–52.
116.
Danton (1910), p. 271.
117.
Le vieux Cordelier
, p. 170.
118.
Belloc (1910), p. 336, claims a Mme Gély was the source of this story. See also Claretie (1908), pp. 285–86 (who assumes Danton was thinking of his wife when he muttered “I shall never see her again”), and Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 758.
10: Robespierre’s Red Summer
1.
The title “Robespierre’s Red Summer” is borrowed from Richard Cobb. See also Hardman (1999), p. 125.
2.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 426.
3.
Hardman (1999), p. 162; Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, p. 7.
4.
Robespierre, (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 437.
5.
Ibid., p. 444.
6.
Ibid., p. 452.
7.
Ibid., p. 448.
8.
Thompson (1939), p. 530.
9.
Croker (1857), p. 279.
10.
Ibid., p. 279.
11.
Ibid., p. 500.
12.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 471.
13.
Ibid., vol. 3b, pp. 127–28.
14.
Belloc (1927), p. 310.
15.
Williams (n.d.), p. 142.
16.
Favone (1937), pp. 49–50. On the extent of popular support for Robespierre’s new religion, see Vovelle (1988).
17.
Croker (1857), p. 447.
18.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 481.
19.
Hardman (1999), p. 143.
20.
Thompson (1939), p. 548.
21.
Hardman (1999), pp. 154–56.
22.
Ibid., p. 109.
23.
Stéfan-Pol (1900), p. 75.
24.
Hardman (1999), p. 109.
25.
Ibid., p. 131.
26.
Ibid., p. 132.
27.
Ibid., p. 182.
28.
Laponneraye (2002), pp. 106–9.
29.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 496.
30.
Ibid., p. 497.
31.
Croker (1857), p. 401. The original source is A. Lamartine, whose accuracy Croker doubts.
32.
Relying on the Committee of Public Safety’s register, Belloc (1927), p. 315, claims Robespierre was only absent six times during the period between 22 Prairial and 9 Thermidor, but Thompson (1939), p. 540, doubts the accuracy of the register and notes that Robespierre’s signature appears only three times on the committee’s documents during this period.
33.
Croker (1857), pp. 400–401.
34.
Hardman (1999), p. 150.
35.
Archives Parlementaires
, vol. 87, p. 100.
36.
Ibid., vol. 93, p. 553.
37.
Thompson (1939), p. 550.
38.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 519.
39.
Ibid., p. 520.
40.
Ibid., p. 522.
41.
Hardman (1999), p. 139.
42.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 528.
43.
Ibid., p. 529.
44.
Ibid., p. 534.
45.
Croker (1857), p. 397; Hardman (1999), pp. 138–39.
46.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 543.
47.
Ibid., pp. 544–45.
48.
Ibid., p. 546.
49.
Ibid., p. 547.
50.
Ibid., pp. 554–55; Croker (1857), pp. 406–7.
51.
Ibid., p. 560.
52.
Ibid., p. 559.
53.
Ibid., p. 561.
54.
Ibid., p. 575.
55.
Ibid., p. 576.
56.
Croker (1857), p. 413.
57.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 587.
58.
Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, p. 477.
59.
Thompson (1939), p. 567.
60.
Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, p. 332.
61.
Croker (1857), p. 421;
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 93, pp. 553–54.
62.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 93, p. 555.
63.
Palmer (1965), p. 380.
64.
Croker (1857), p. 423.
65.
Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, p. 72.
66.
Ibid., p. 74.
67.
Ibid.
68.
It was rumored that Robespierre had secretly married Eléanore Duplay with Saint-Just as a witness; see Proyart (1850), pp. 208–9.
69.
Proyart (1850), p. 210; Pernoud and Flaissier (1960), p. 336.
70.
Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 594.
71.
Palmer (1965), p. 381.
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
MR = Maximilien Robespierre
Academy of Amiens
Academy of Arras
Academy of Metz
Achilles
A la nation artésienne, sur la nécessité de reformer les États d’Artois
(pamphlet)
Alexander the Great
Altar of the Fatherland
American Revolution
bills of rights and
Ami des noirs
(abolitionist society)
Ami du peuple, L’
(newspaper)
Anson’s Voyage Round the World
(Walter)
Antifédéraliste
(newspaper)
Arles, archbishop of
Arras
elections and taxation and
Estates General and
on eve of Revolution
history and economy of
Jacobin Club in
judicial system in
MR elected to Estates General for
MR practices law in
MR visits
shame surrounding MR in
Arras, bishop of
Arras Commune
Artois, Count of (brother Louis XVI)
Artois province
counterrevolution in
atheism and de-Christianization
Audrein, Yves-Marie
Austria
war with
Austrian Netherlands
Bacon, Francis
bad blood
Bailly, Jean Sylvain
Barère, Bertrand
Barnave, Antoine
Bastille
Bastille, fall and demolition of.
See also
Festival of Federation
first anniversary of
second anniversary of
fifth anniversary of
Bastille of Artois
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de
Beauvais, bishop of
Beccaria, Cesare
Becket, Saint Thomas
Belgium
Bentabole, Pierre-Louis
Bentley, William
Bergasse, Nicolas
Bernard, Jacques-Claude
Bertrand, Francis
Bicêtre reformatory massacre
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques
Bonnet rouge
Bouillé, Marquis de
Bourbon alliance
Bourbon dynasty
Bourdon, Léonard
Boyer-Fonfrède, Jean-Baptiste
bread prices
bread riots of 1789
Bréard, Jean
Breton Club
Brissot, Jacques (“Phédor”)
advocates republic
background of
Danton and
expelled from Jacobins
fall of monarchy and
influence of, with Louis XVI
leads Girondins
leads pro-war party
MR attacks
trial and execution of
British constitutional model
Brunswick, Duke of
Brutus
Brutus
(play)
Buissart, Antoine “Barometer,”
Buissart, Mme
Buonarotti, Philippe
Burke, Edmond
Cabanis, Pierre Jean George
Cabarrus, Thérésa
Caen Girondins
Caesar
Cambon, Pierre Joseph
Capet, Hugh
Carlyle, Thomas
Carmelites, convent of
Carnot, Lazare
Carraut, Jacqueline Marguerite (mother)
Carraut, (maternal grandparents)
Carrier, Jean Baptist
Catherine de Médicis
Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia
Catholic Church
confession debate
counterrevolution and
National Assembly debates future and wealth of
tithes stopped
Catiline
censorship
Cercle Social
certificate of
civisme
Chalier, Joseph
Champ de Mars massacre
Charles I, king of England
Châteauvieux rebellion (Nancy mutiny)
celebration of freed soldiers
Châtelet massacre
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard
Cherubini, Luigi
Chronique de Paris
Cicero
Cietty, Pierre
citizens, active vs. passive
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
signed by Louis XVI
civil war.
See
federalist revolt threat of, in 1790
Clavière, Etienne
clergy
Estates General and
MR defends
National Assembly and
resistance by
Revolution and
Collège d’Arras
Collège Louis-le-Grand (Paris)
Collot d’Herbois, Jean Marie
comités de surveillance
Commission for Civil Administration and Police
Committee of General Security
Committee of Public Safety
created
Dantonists trial and
MR trial and
suspends constitution
Terror initiated by
Condé, Prince de
Condorcet, Marquis de
Confessions
(Rousseau)
Conseil d’Artois (Council of Artois)
Constitutional Committee
Cook, James
Corday, Charlotte
Cordeliers Club
Danton loses control of
fall of monarchy and
led by Hébert
Coronelli, Vincenzo
Correspondence Committee of Paris Jacobin Club
counterrevolution
Courier français
Couthon, Georges
criminal code
Crinchon river
Croker, John Wilson
Cromwell, Oliver
Cunosse, Melanie
Dalibard, Thomas-François
Damiens, Robert-François
Danton, Gabrielle
Danton, George Jacques
advocates deposition of king
“audacity” speech by
Champ de Mars massacre and
Cordeliers led by
death of wife and
defends MR
fall of
fall of monarchy and
Hébert opposed by
insurrection of 1793 and
Louis XVI and
on MR
personality of
remarriage of
Revolutionary Tribunal and
September Massacres and
Terror advocated by
trial and execution of
trial of Louis XVI and
voted off CPS
war and
Dantonists
Dauchez, Jean Baptiste
David, Jacques-Louis
death penalty
for Louis XVI
debtors law
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Défenseur de la constitution, Le
(journal)
Deflue, Louis
Delacroix, Jean
De l’esprit des lois
(Montesquieu)
Delmas, Jean
democracy
democratic war
Descartes, René
Deshorties, Anais
Desmoulins, Camille
early censorship of
early friendship with MR
execution of Girondins and
fall and execution of
fall of monarchy and
National Convention and
Paris riots and
Desmoulins, Lucile Horace
Dickens, Charles
dioceses, number reduced by National Assembly
Dubois de Fosseux
Duchesne, James
Dumerbion, Pierre
Dumont, Pierre Étienne Louis
Dumouriez, Charles
Duplay, Eléonore
Duplay, Elisabeth
Duplay, Maurice
Duplay, Françoise-Eléonore
Duplay family
Dupond, M.
Dutch Republic
East India Company
Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex
education issue
Élisabeth, Mme (sister of Louis XVI)
Eloge de la Rose
(speech)
Emery, Louis
émigrés
Émile
(Rousseau)
Enemies of the Fatherland Unmasked, The
(pamphlet)
“enemies of the people (or within),”
enragés
equality
Estates General
election chaos
Louis XVI agrees to convene
meetings of
MR elected to
opening ceremony
third estate declares itself National Assembly
Estates of Artois
executive power
executive veto
Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe
Fauchet, Claude
federalist revolt
federal republic idea
Ferrières, Marquis de
Festival of Federation
Festival of the Supreme Being
feudalism
Feuillants Club
Fillion, Didier
Flesselles, Jacques
Fleurus, battle of
Fouché, Joseph
Foulon, Jospeh François
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine
France
declares war on Holy Roman Emperor
fall of monarchy (10 August 1792)
monarchy
monarchy abolished
provisional government of
Republic declared by National Convention
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Franklin, Benjamin
freedom of press
freedom of religion
freedom of speech
Freemasons
French Academy of Sciences
French army
levee en masse and
new federal
French constitution of 1791 (consitutional monarchy)
accepted by Louis XVI
escape of royal family threatens
fall of
written
French republican constitution of 1793
suspended
written and ratified
French Revolution of 1789
causes of
complexity and vividness of
Jacobins as guardians of
Lafayette and Louis XVI and
MR as embodiment of
Fréron, Louis Marie Stanislaus
Friends of Chalier
Furet, François
Galileo
General Maximum Law (1793)
general strike of 1793
George III, king of England
Gérard, François
Gerle, Dom
Girondins
constitution and
Danton and
expelled from National Convention
execution of
Lyon revolt and
Marat assassination and
Paine and
private property and
trial of Louis XVI and
Gobel, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph
Goethe, Johan Wofgang von
Gossec, François-Joseph
Gouges, Olympe de
Gouvon, Geneviève
Gracchus
(play)
Gravier, Claude
Great Britain
war with
Greece, ancient
Grenoble riots
Gresset, Jean Baptiste
Guadet, Marguerite-Elie
Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace
guillotine
Guyton, Louis
Hanriot, François
Hardman, John
Harduin, Alexandre
Harvey, William
Hébert, Jacques René
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien
Henry, Jean Baptiste
Henry II, king of France
Henry IV, king of France
Hérault de Séchelles, Marie Jean
Hérivaux, abbé
Herman, Martial Joseph Armand
Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King
Richard III
(Walpole)
honor
Insurrectionary Commune
Invalides, storming of
Isnard, Maximin
Jacobin Club of Paris
assassination attempt on MR and
Billaud-Varenne and Collot d’Herbois expelled by
Brissot and
Brissot and Louvet expelled by
Châteauvieux soldiers and
clubs in provinces affiliate with
Danton and
Desmoulins expelled from
elections of 1792
and
expulsion policy established
fall of monarchy and
fall of MR and
Feuillants split from
formed
Fouché expelled by
Girondins battle with
Lafayette denounces
Marat assassination and
Mirabeau and
Mme Roland and
mob violence and
MR addresses, on arming for war and internal enemies
MR addresses, on atheism
MR addresses, on
citoyens passif
and National Guard
MR addresses, on conspiracy after death of Danton
MR addresses, on escape attempt of Louis XVI
MR addresses, on freedom of press and speech
MR addresses, on massacre of Champ de Mars
MR addresses, on patriotism
MR addresses, on religious faith
