Fat, Fate, and Disease : Why we are losing the war against obesity and chronic disease (39 page)

Intestines 76, 151

membranes 32

In vitro fertilization 155

J

Jamaica 144–6

Japan

birth weight 82, 148

body image 81, 149

motor cars and obesity 49–50

pregnancy weight gain 81–2, 149

Junk food 80, 89, 233, 271

K

Kammerer, Paul 203–4

Kirkwood, Tom 131

Kiserud, Torvid 161

Kwashiorkor 144–6

L

Lactose intolerance 48, 207

Lamarck 204, 208

LDL
see
Cholesterol

Leblouh 41

Leptin 30–1, 37

and reversal of predictive adaptive response 143, 165

Life-course 22, 59, 80, 126, 175, 193, 254, 269, 276

Life expectancy 53, 61, 108, 114

evolutionary past 108, 130

in English aristocracy 131

Liggins, Graham (Mont) 124, 265–6

Lillycrop, Karen 164, 166

Lipoproteins 33

Liposuction 76

Liver 5, 32–3, 37, 164, 172

Longevity 79, 107–8, 126

Lysenko, Trofim 204–6, 208

M

Marketing 183, 218, 236, 252, 270

Malaria 16, 228

Malnutrition
see
Undernutrition

Marasmus 144–6

Marmot, Michael 60

Marsupials 107, 196–7

Marxism 204

Maternal constraint 150, 154–7, 200

Maternal care 164

Maternal diet 140, 143, 147, 199, 238

and mismatch 140

effect on offspring epigenetic profile 167, 238

lactation 199

preconception 148

Maternal obesity 149, 171, 173

and body fat of adult offspring 176

milk composition 198

Maternal stress 124–5

Maturity-onset diabetes
see
Diabetes, Type 2

Mbeki, Thabo 241, 266

McBride, William 209

McKeigue, Paul 101

Meaney, Michael 164

Menarche 128–9, 132–3

see also
Puberty

Menopause 108, 129

Metabolic syndrome 39, 140, 172

Migration 63, 109, 157–9

Millennium Cohort Study 131

Millenium Development Goals 64–65, 189–92, 257

Mismatch 3, 44, 50, 54

and affluence 159

experimental 140, 213

in humans 143, 146, 149, 157, 184

migration 157–9

Mitigation

as an approach to climate change and obesity 223

Mitochondria 26, 34–5, 37

Morbid obesity
see
Gross obesity

Mutation 54, 98, 207

N

Natural selection 90–1, 106, 203

Nature/nurture 208

Neel, James 92–3, 98

Neolithic 127, 129

Nephrons 116

Nettle, Daniel 79, 131–2, 187, 269

Newnham, John 133

New Zealand 177, 216, 236, 243, 266

Non-coding RNA 97

Non-cognitive skills 200–1

Non-communicable disease 3–4, 130

and early life development 138, 274

and Millennium Development Goals 65

approaches towards addressing 255, 268, 277

economic burden 63–4

deaths 43, 62, 64

geopolitical consequences 10–1

ranking as a global risk 5

see also
United Nations General Assembly Summit

Nutritional transition 12–3, 64, 185, 187, 244

Nutritional education 86–7, 201, 231, 252–3, 271

Nucleotide 91–2, 97

O

Obama, Michelle 271

Obesity 6–7, 23, 42

and diabetes 5

and risk of disease 6–7, 24, 38

gene 95

in evolutionary past 52, 69, 173

OECD report 20, 83–4

prediction 168

prevalence 43

rodents 140, 143, 172

surgery 75–6

UK Taskforce of the Foresight Group 21, 235

Obstructive labour 152–3

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 20, 83–4

Omega-3 fatty acid 32–3, 36, 198

Omega-6 fatty acid 13, 32–3, 49, 198, 218

O’Rahilly, Steve 30

Orbach, Susie 77–9

Osteoporosis 140, 168

Ovary 109, 129

Oxidative stress 174

P

Palaeolithic 127

diet 47

feast and famine 98, 156

life expectancy 53, 129–30

reproductive behaviour 127

Papilloma virus 224

Pancreas 4, 30, 36, 165, 181

Paternal influences 169, 176–7, 194, 228

Path dependency 115

Pelvis 151–5, 159, 227

Perfect storm 2, 82, 278

Pima Indians 69, 92–94

Placenta 121, 123–4, 179–80

dysfunction 148, 174, 177

marsupial 196

Plasticity
see
Developmental plasticity

Politics 20, 74, 85, 191, 204–5, 229, 234, 260

see also
Geopolitical consequences

see also
Intervention, state

Polycystic ovarian syndrome 180

Polymorphisms 94–6

Pony
see
Horse

Population variation 43, 100–1

Post-normal science 260–1

Poverty
see
Social deprivation

Prediction 125–6, 132, 135, 141–2, 144–6, 149, 156, 161, 165, 168, 173, 187

Predictive adaptive responses 141–3, 144–6

Pre-eclampsia 82, 121, 124

Pregnancy

age at first 155, 227, 242

early 178–9

effects on offspring epigenetic switches 164, 167, 195–6

fat store 31

infant food preference 199

nutrition 139–40, 147, 164, 167, 172, 180, 195, 234

preconceptional nutrition 148

signals to fetus 141

teenage 240

variations in normal 115

weight gain 81–2, 149

see also
Famine; Gestational diabetes; Maternal constraint

Prematurity 118, 124–5

Prevention 6, 20, 143, 164, 194, 257

see also
Reversal

Protein

and genes 97

dietary 26–7

Proximate level 105–6

see also
Ultimate level; ‘Why’ question

Puberty 128

and marriage 240

and social deprivation 80

consequences of early 133

hunter-gatherer 128–9

see also
Menarche

R

Raubenheimer, David 145

Repair 53–4, 130

trade-off 108–9, 126–9

Reproduction

cessation 129

success 79, 106–7, 126, 130, 146, 175

see also
Trade-off, reproduction and longevity/lifespan

Retirement 61, 108

Reversal 75, 143, 164–5, 212–3, 233

see also
Prevention

RNA 97

Roseboom, Tessa 146

Rubella 123, 209

Russia
see
Soviet Union

S

Sachs, Jeffrey 244

Salmon 107

Satiety 30, 37

Selection 44, 53, 97, 99, 181

see also
Natural selection; Sexual selection

Self-control 200–1

Semmelweis, Ignaz 262–5, 267

Sexual maturation 126, 128

see also
Menarche; Puberty

Sexual selection 31, 91

Sheppard, Allan 166

Simmons, Rebecca 165

Simpson, Steve 145

Singapore 149, 177, 213, 216

Sloboda, Deborah 133, 172

Smoking 72–3, 85, 156, 186–7, 215, 224, 254

Social deprivation 21, 60, 79–81, 131–2, 187, 201, 243

Social networks 77, 241

Socioeconomic status
see
Social deprivation

Soviet Union 204–6

Sperm 110, 169, 177, 194

Stalin 204–5

Steatopygia 25

Stem cells 117, 206

Stomach banding
see
Gastric banding

Stomach bypass
see
Gastric bypass

Stress 124, 164, 236

see also
Maternal stress; Paternal influences

Stunting 109, 155, 184

Southampton Women’s Survey 148, 161, 167

South Asia

diabetes 101

Sub-Saharan Africa 9, 65

Subsidy

agricultural 271–2

Surrogacy 154

T

Thalidomide 123, 209

Thin–fat baby 161

Toad 128, 203–4

Tobacco
see
Smoking

Trade-off 106, 108, 124, 126–9, 134, 187

and menarche 132–3

reproduction and longevity/lifespan 107–8, 126, 129–31

Transcription factors 162

Treatment 16, 103–5, 194, 202, 233, 259, 277

medical 6, 75

surgical 75–6

see also
Prevention

Triglycerides 32–3

Twins 109

and maternal constraint 156

sheep 125

weight control 110–1

U

Ultimate level 106, 109, 141

see also
‘Why’ question

Umbilical cord 119, 165, 167, 195

Uncoupling 34–5

Undernutrition

and appetite control 145–6

in rodents 139–40

in humans
see
Famine

United Arab Emirates 9

United Kingdom 50, 53, 60, 79, 81, 101, 108, 131–2, 160, 236, 242–3

United Nations Development Programme 273

United Nations General Assembly Summit 16, 63, 192, 258–60

United States 24, 43, 51, 53, 200, 216, 229, 266, 271

V

Variation
see
Individual differences

Venter, Craig 95

Venus figurines 40

Vested interests 20, 72, 103, 186, 216, 260

Vickers, Mark 140, 142–3, 165, 172

Victora, Cesar 150

Vole 141–2

W

Wadsworth, Michael 138

Wallaby 196

Walton, Arthur 153–4

Waist–hip ratio 101

Waterlow, John 144

Weaning 28, 140, 173, 195–6, 199, 229

Weight loss 31, 52, 76–7, 232

industry 67–8, 232

Western diet 33, 46–7, 148

Western lifestyle 11, 159

‘Why’ question 104–6, 109, 141, 167, 172

Wilson, David Sloan 187

Women’s empowerment 191, 227, 229–30, 241

World Economic Forum 5, 24, 64

World Health Organization 226–30, 244–5, 259–60

Y

Yajnik, Chittaranjan 160–1

Yang, Huixia 252