Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure (69 page)

Introduction

1
.
The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander
Phiroze Vasnia 275-7.

2
.
The Nile
Robert O. Collins 1, 6, 90.

3
.
Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer
Tim Jeal [Jeal,
Stanley]
3.

4
.
Prelude to Imperialism
H. A. C. Cairns 29 n 99.

5
. Ibid 26 n 82.

6
.
The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton
Fawn Brodie [Brodie] 15 n 1
.

7
.
The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley
ed. Dorothy Stanley [Stanley,
Auto]
533.

8
.
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah
Richard F. Burton
[Narrative]
2 vols, 1 16.

9
. J. H. Speke to Norton Shaw [Shaw] 20 May 1857 JHS 1 RGS.

10
.
The Albert N’yanza: Great Basin of the Nile
S. W. Baker [AN] 274.

11
. Cairns 20 n 64.

12
.
Lovers on the Nile
Richard Hall [Hall,
Lovers]
87; Obituary of Speke
Blackwood’s Magazine
Vol. XCVI Oct 1864 414-16.

13
.
Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa
Frank McLynn ix.

14
. As told to Stanley in
How 1 Found Livingstone in Central Africa
H. M. Stanley [
HIFL
], quoted in
A History of African Exploration
David Mountfield (1976) frontispiece;
Livingstone,
Tim Jeal [Jeal,
Livingstone]
367.

15
.
The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley
eds Richard Stanley and Alan Neame [S&N] 63.

16
.
Zanzibar: City, Island and Coast
Richard F. Burton
[Zanzibar]
2 vols II 222-3.

17
.
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa
ed. H. Waller
[LLJ]
2 vols 1 287.

ONE: Blood in God’s River

1
.
LLJ
1 17.

2
.
LLJ
1 29, 70; DL to Agnes L 18 May 1866 BL Ad MS 50184.

3
. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.

4
. DL to Janet and Agnes L 30 Mar 1841
David Livingstone: Family Letters 1841-1856
ed. I. Schapera 2 vols 1 19.

5
.
London Journal
Dec 1856.

6
.
The Way to Ilala
F. Debenham [Debenham] 293-4.

7
. DL to Agnes L 5 Feb 1871 BL.

8
.
LLJ
II 72.

9
. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.

10
.
LLJ
II 72.

11
. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.

12
.
LLJ
II 2.

13
.
LLJ
II 40-2.

14
.
The Personal Life of David Livingstone
W. G. Blaikie [Blaikie] 334.

15
.
Livingstone’s Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking
Dorothy O. Helly [Helly] 334.

16
.
LLJ
II 46-7.

17
. Ibid 47-8, 67.

18
. Ibid 47-8, 67-8.

19
. Ibid 93.

20
.
LLJ
1 7.

21
.
Livingstone,
Jeal 316, 319-20;
The Zambezi Doctors: David Livingstone’s Letters to John Kirk 1858-1872
ed. R. Foskett [Foskett] 143.

22
.
LLJ
II 37.

23
. Ibid 118.

24
. Ibid 38.

25
. Blaikie 331.

26
.
LLJ
II 99, and ed’s. footnote on 100.

27
. Blaikie 334.

28
.
LLJ
II 98.

29
. Ibid 80.

30
. Ibid 86, 78.

31
. Ibid 55.

32
. Ibid 34; Jeal,
Livingstone
328.

33
. Blaikie 340.

34
.
LLJ
II 93.

35
. Ibid 239-40.

36
.
The Nile in Darkness
Vol. I:
Conquest and Exploration 1504-1862
John O. Udal [Udal I] 1.

37
.
LLJ
II 339, 51.

38
.
Travels of Alexine
Penelope Gladstone.

39
. Herodotus
Histories
Book Two Chapters 19-35: quoted
LLJ
II 49.

40
.
LLJ
II 49.

41
.
The Nile Quest
Harry Johnston [Johnston] 22.

42
. Blaikie 333.

43
.
LLJ
II 67, 64.

44
. Ibid 68.

45
. Ibid 99.

46
. Helly 172.

47
. Ibid 173; in unpublished Unyanyembe Journal (David Livingstone Centre/DLC) 13 Jun 1870. DL considered that ‘the want of a chain to confine them emboldens them to impertinence’.

48
. Ibid 173; Jeal,
Livingstone
241; DL wrote: of Nassick pupils: ‘They do slave duties unbidden and all they can to ingratiate themselves with the Arabs [They] would now fain be slave stealers.’ 6 Jul 1870 Unyanyembe Journal.

49
. Helly 173-4.

50
.
LLJ
II 101.

51
. Blaikie 341.

52
.
LLJ
II 101.

53
. Ibid 103.

54
. Ibid 107.

55
. Ibid 108-9.

56
. Ibid 111.

57
. Ibid 113-14.

58
. Ibid 120, 116.

59
. Unyanyembe Journal 11 Feb, 11 Mar 1871
DLC; LLJ
II 124.

60
. Ibid 125.

61
. Ibid 130, 132.

62
. Ibid 132-41.

63
. Ibid 146.

TWO: A Great Misalliance

1
. DL to R. Murchison [RM] 29 Nov 1865 National Archives of Zimbabwe [NAZ].

2
.
The Tangled Web: A Life of the Sir Richard Burton
Jon R. Godsall [Godsall] 110.

3
. Brodie 16.

4
.
The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World
Dane Kennedy [Kennedy] 71-2.

5
. Burton to Shaw 16 Nov 1853 RGS.

6
.
The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton
Isabel Burton 2 vols
[Life]
1 104.

7
.
Life
1 123, 144.

8
. Brodie 74;
Life
1 135;
A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton
Mary Lovell [Lovell] 41.

9
. Lovell 10.

10
. Brodie 89.

11
.
Narrative
16.

12
. Burton to Shaw 16 Nov 1853 RGS.

13
. Godsall 109.

14
. Quoted Udal I, 493;
Travels and Researches
J. L. Krapf 478-90, 496.

15
. Burton to Shaw 15 Dec 1853 RGS.

16
.
Hearts of Darkness
McLynn 57-8.

17
. Lovell 232.

18
. Details in
The Discovery of the Nile
Gianni Guadalupi [Guadalupi].

19
.
The Blue and White Nile
George Melly 2 vols.

20
.
Andrea De Bono: Maltese Explorer of the Nile
Charles Catania 214.

21
. Ibid, Chapter 18.

22
. Udal 1 487.

23
. Guadalupi 241.

24
.
Speke
Alexander Maitland [Maitland] 7.

25
. Godsall 115.

26
.
Zanzibar
1 4-5.

27
.
First Footsteps in East Africa: or, An Exploration of Harar
Richard Francis Burton 2 vols
[FF]
1 xxiv; Godsall 118.

28
. Lovell 85, 144.

THREE: A Rush of Men Like a Stormy Wind

1
. This is certainly true of Fawn M. Brodie (1967), Byron Farwell (1963), Mary S. Lovell (1998), Frank McLynn (1990) and Edward Rice (1990). A far more objective account of the two men’s strengths and failures is to be found in W. B. Carnochan’s book about their falling-out:
The Sad Story of Burton, Speke, and the Nile; or, Was John Hanning Speke a Cad?
[Carnochan].

2
.
Zanzibar
II 379.

3
. Lovell 89.

4
. Brodie 1-2.

5
.
What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
John H. Speke [WLT] 6; Speke to Grant 18 Jun 1854 National Library of Scotland [NLS] 17910.

6
.
Zanzibar
II 379;
Life
1 315.

7
.
Zanzibar
II 381.