Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia From the Bronze Age to the Present (103 page)

Parthians, Arsacids

circular palace-cities

pasta,

Paykand, Baykand

Pearl Harbor conspiracy

theory,

Pechenegs

Peking, Beijing,

Pepin.
See
Pippin

Peiping, Beiping.
See
Peking

periodization

Perry, Matthew C., American

commodore

Persia, Iran

Persian, Persians, people of Iran,

origin

myth
(see
Sasanid Dynasty, origin

myth).
See also
Parthians

Persian Empire,

‘Phagspa, Blogros Rgyal-mtshan,

philosophy, philosophers

Phocas, Eastern Roman ruler

phoneme, defined

Phrygians

Phyag-na Rdorje

Piarna.
See
Pyongyang

Picasso, Pablo

pink.
See
Modernism: in painting

Pippin, Frankish Mayor of the Palace,

Pippin III, Pippin the Short, first

Carolingian king

Pirenne, Henri

poetry, poets, poems

Arabic,

Chinese

English Japanese Persian,

—Modern

See also
Modernism: in

poetry

—and music,

Poitiers, Battle of

Pollack, Jackson,

Polo, Marco and family

Pontic Steppe.
See
Western Steppe

populism, populist

ports.
See
cities: in the Littoral zone

Portuguese Empire

postmodernism.
See
Modernism,

post-Modernism

Potala

Pound, Ezra

princesses Chinese,

Chinese, in Tibet

Khazar

Kuchean Tangut Turkic, in

Tibet

printing

Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-

Europeans

diaspora of homeland of,

See also
Indo-European,

creoles

P’u-i, puppet ruler of Manchukuo

Pusan

Puyo, Puyö Puyo

Kingdom political structure,

Puyo-Koguryo peoples

legendary homeland,

origin myth

Pyongyang, Piarna

Qâdisiyya, Battle of

qaghan.
See
kaghan

Qajar Dynasty

Qarzai, Hamid

Qaǎwân, Battle of

Qocho, Kao-ch’ang

Quraysh

Qutayba ibn Muslim, governor

rabbits,

railroads, Trans-Siberian Railway

Rajputs

Rama I, Thai king

Rangoon

Rebel, Jean-Féry, composer

Renaissance

republic, Modern.
See
democracy

Rezâ Shâh, Persian ruler

Rhea Silvia

Ricci, Matteo,

Rin-chen Bzangpo

rockets.
See
firearms

Romanov Dynasty, Romanovs

Romans, Roman Empire

cruelty of

origin myth

Romanus, Byzantine emperor

Rome, city of

Romulus, Roman founder

Romulus Augustulus, last Western

Roman Emperor

Rousseau, Jean Jacques

Roxana, Roxane, wife of Alexander the

Great

Rudaki, Rûdakî,

Ruga, Rua, Hun ruler

Rurik, founder of Rus Kaghanate

Rus

Russia, Russians

Russian Empire

See also
Russia

Soviet Union

Rustichello of Pisa

Safavid Dynasty

Saffarid Dynasty

Ṣafî, Safavid shâh

Said, Edward

Saka name,

Sakha, Yakut
See also
Yakutsk

Samanid Dynasty

Sâmarrâ’

Samarkand, Maracanda,

Samye

Sangs-rgyas Rgyamtsho, Tibetan

regent

Saqal, Türgiš kaghan

Saray

Sarkel

Sarmatians, Sauromatians

Sarvâstivâdin sect of Buddhism

Sâsân

Sasanid Dynasty

comitatus in,; origin myth

Saskyapa, Tibetan Buddhist sect

Saskya Panฎita

Schoenberg, Arnold,

science, scientists

Scythia, Western Steppe

Scythian, Northern Iranian

Scythian Empire Persian

invasion of

Scythians

and blood

brotherhood farmers name,

origin myth

philosophers trade,

warfare

Sebüktigin, Ghaznavid ruler

Second World War.
See
World War II

Sekigahara, Battle of

Seleucid Dynasty

Selim I, Selim the Grim, Ottoman

sultan

Seljuks

Sengge, Junghar ruler

Shâh Jahân, Mughal emperor

Shâh Rukh, Timurid ruler

shâkiriyya.
See
châkars.

Shang Dynasty

Shanghai

Shang-tu, Xanadu

Shâsh.
See
Tashkent

Sha-t’o Turks

Shaybânî Khan, Uzbek ruler

Shenyang.
See
Mukden

Shih-pi, Eastern Türk kaghan

Shiism, Shiites

Shiraz

Shogunate.
See
Tokugawa Shogunate

Sîbawayh, Sêbôe.
See
Al-Mujâshi’î of

Balkh

Sibir, Khanate of town of

silk

Silk Road system

comparison with Littoral

System

—defined

—economy, commerce

decline of

—trade routes, traders,

Silla, Korean kingdom

Singapore

Sinkiang.
See
East Turkistan

Sîstân, Sijistân

Sixteen Dynasties

Slavic

Sochi

socialism, radical.
See
communism

Sogd, name

Sogdiana

conquest by Alexander the

Great
See also
Transoxiana

Sogdians

conspiracy

theory

sources, primary,

Southeast Asia

Soviet Union, Soviet

See also
Russia

Spain Arabs in,

Umayyad Visigoths in,

Spanish Empire

spices,.
See
also

musk

Spurgyal,

Srong Btsan Sgampo.
See
Khri Srong

Rtsan

Ssu-ma Kuang

stables

Stalin, Josef

Stalingrad, Volgograd

Stephen, king of Hungary

St. Petersburg

Strauss, Richard,

Stravinsky, Igor,

Stroganovs

Sübedei

Suebi

Sufis, Sufism

Sui Dynasty

Sulaymân, Umayyad caliph

Suleyman, Ottoman sultan

Suluk, Türgiš kaghan

Sung Dynasty

Sun Yat-sen

Sur, Afghan dynasty in India

Sviatoslav, king of Rus

Tabriz

Tacitus

Taghbač, T’o-pa Wei Dynasty,

aristocracy of

Ṭâhir ibn al-Ḥusayn, semi-independent Abbasid governor

Tahirid Dynasty

Tahmasp, Safavid shâh

T’ai-tsung, Li Shih-min, second T’ang

emperor

Tajiks, Tajikistan

Taj Mahal

Taksin, Thai king

Talas, Battle of.
See
Atlakh

Ta-li Kingdom

Tamerlane, Timur the Lame

T’ang Dynasty, T’ang Empire

Tangut, Tanguts

writing system

Tangut Empire, Hsi-hsia Dynasty,

Taoism

Tara

Tarchetius, Alban king,

Tardu, Turkic ruler

Targitaus, first Scythian

Tarmashirin, Chaghatai Khan

Tashkent, Shâsh

Tatabï

Tatars: of Crimea of Mongolia,

of Tatarstan of

the Volga-Kama region

Ta-tu.
See
Peking

taxation,

Temüjin.
See
Chinggis Khan

Temür.
See
Tamerlane

tents,

Theodora, Byzantine ruler

Theodoric the Ostrogoth

Theodoric the Visigoth

Theodosius I, Roman emperor

Theodosius II, Eastern Roman emperor,

theology.
See
philosophy

Theophilos II, Byzantine emperor

Thomas, Dylan

Thonburi

Tibet

See also
Tibetan Empire

Tibetan Empire

Tibetans

Tibeto-Burman,; genesis of,

T’ieh-le

Tientsin, Tianjin

tigers

Timur.
See
Tamerlane

Timurids

Tirmidh

Tobolsk

Tocharian.
See
Tokharian

Toghon Temür, Great Khan

Tokharian, Tokharians

See also

Tok
^w
ar

Tokhâristân

Tokhtamïsh, khan of the Golden Horde,

Tokugawa Shogunate

Tok
^w
ar, Yüeh-chih identity and

name

Tokyo
See also
Edo

Tolui

tomb, Central Eurasian.
See
barrow

Tomsk

Tongra

T’o-pa, T’o-pa Wei Dynasty.
See

Taghbač

Torgut, Oirat separatists

See also
Kalmyk

Tours, Battle of

Toxaris

Trabizond, Kingdom of

trade, horse and silk

Trajan, Roman emperor

tribes,

transcontinental trade.
See
Silk Road

system

Transoxiana

See also
Sogdiana

Trojans,

Tseren Dondub, Junghar leader,

Tsewang Rabtan, Junghar ruler,

Tu Fu, Chinese poet

Tumen, Hsiung-nu founder

TümeN, Koguryo founder

Tumïn, Türk founder

name,

Tumulus.
See
barrow

Tung Yabghu Kaghan

Tun-huang

Türgiš

Türk,

origin myth
See also

Turks

Türk Empire, First

political structure

Türk Empire, Second

Turkey, Turkish Republic

Turkic

Turkistan, East.
See
East Turkistan

Turkmen

Turkmenistan

Turks

See also
Türk

turtles

Tüsiyetü Khan, Khalkha leader,

Tuvins, Tuvans

T’u-yü-hun

Tzitzak, Khazar princess

Uighur Empire

Uighurs, Uyghurs, medieval Turkic

people

Uighurs, modern East Turkistan

people

‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭâb, second caliph,

Umayyad Dynasty

Urartu

Urga, Ulaanbaatar

Ür Ghap Somun (Kaesomun)

Uriyangkhadai, Mongol general

Urumchi

‘Uthmân, third caliph,

Utrâr, Fârâb

Uzbeks Uzbekistan

Valens, Roman Emperor

Valentinian III, Western Roman

Emperor

Vandals

Varangian Guard

Vasco da Gama

Vedic, Vedas, Old Indic,

Versailles, Treaty of

Vienna

Venice, Venetians

Vikings

Vikramaśîla, Indian monastic college,

Visigoths.
See
Goths

Vladimir

Vladivostok

Volga Germans

Volgograd.
See
Stalingrad

Völkerwanderung

Wa, early Japanese in

Liao-hsi region

Wakhân

walls

Wandering of Peoples, Great.
See

Völkerwanderung

Wang Mang, Chinese ruler

war band.
See
comitatus

war chariot.
See
chariot

Waters, god of his daughter,

Weimar Republic.
See
Germany

Wen-ti, Han emperor

Western Liao Dynasty.
See
Kara-Khitai

Empire

Western Sea

Western Steppe, defined

wheel.
See
chariot

White Rabbit

wolves,; epithet of

warriors,

women warriors

World War I

World War II

writing systems

Wu, Wu-ti, emperor of Han Dynasty,

Wu Chao, woman emperor of Chou

Dynasty

Wu-ling, king of Chao

Wu-sun.
See
Aśvin

Wu-tsung, T’ang emperor

Xanadu.
See
Shang-tu

Xinjiang.
See
East Turkistan

yabghu,

Yakut.
See
Sakha

Yakutsk

Yang-ti, Sui emperor

Yaqub Beg, East Turkistani ruler

Yarkand

Yarmûk, Battle of the

Yazdgerd III, Persian emperor

Yeats, W. B.

Yeh-lü Ta-shih, founder of Kara-Khitai

Empire

Yeltsin, Boris

Yermak Timofeyevich

Yeśes ‘Od, king of Guge

Yesügei

Yüan Dynasty

Yüeh-chih.
See
Tok
^w
ar

Zamorin, Hindu ruler of Calicut

Zarang,

Zhangzhung