Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia From the Bronze Age to the Present (102 page)

ruler

Galdan Tseren, Junghar ruler

Gaul

Gelonus, Scythian city

Genghis Khan.
See
Chinggis Khan

genocide, mass murder

Georgia, Georgians

Germania

Germanic, Germanic peoples

Germany, republics of

Ghaznavids

Ghazne

Glang Darma.
See
Khri U’i Dum Brtsan

Glass, Philip,

Goa

Godan.
See
Köden

gold

Golden Horde

Gorbachev, Mikhail

Goths, Gothones

Graeco-Roman

Grand Canal

graphic art, artists.
See
Modernism: in

painting; painting

Grassmann, Hermann

Great Khanate
See also
Mongol

Empire

Great Wall of China.
See
walls

Greek, Greeks

texts translated

into Arabic
See also
Byzantine

Empire; Mycenaean Greek; Romans

guard corps.
See
comitatus

guerrilla tactics

Guge, kingdom of

guns.
See
firearms

Gur-e Emir

Gür Khan

Gushi Khan, Khoshut ruler

ruler of Tibet

Güyük, Great Khan

Hafiz

hair, of the Franks,; of the Turks,

Hami

Han Dynasty

Hang-chou

Hârûn al-Rashîd, Abbasid caliph,

Hattusa

Heaven, god of

Hellig, Hsieh-li, Eastern Türk kaghan,

Hephthalites

Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor

Herat

Hideyoshi, Japanese general

Hildebrand, Frankish lord

Hiroshima

Hitler, Adolf

Hittite,

Hittites,; origin

myth,

Ho-lu, Western Turk kaghan

Homs

Hong Kong

Honoria, Roman princess

Hormuz

horse: Chinese word for,;

domestication of

introduction to China price of,

Hou Chi

Hsien-pei, Mongolic people

Hsi-hsia Dynasty.
See
Tangut Empire

Hsining

Hsiung-nu,

invasion by Chinese name,

names and titles,

origin myth,

putative equation with Huns,

Hsüan Tsang, Buddhist monk traveler,

Hsüan-tsung, T’ang emperor

Huang Ch’ao, Chinese rebel

Hui-tsung, Sung emperor and artist,

Hülegü, first Il-Khan

Hûmayûn, second Mughal emperor,

Hun, pejorative generic term for

foreigners,

Hungarians

Hung Taiji, Manchu emperor

Huns,

name of;

putative equation with Hsiung-nu,

war with Sasanid

Persia

hunting

Hurrians

Ḥusayn, Central Asian emir

hyper-Modernism.
See
Modernism,

hyper-Modernism

Ibn Sînâ, Avicenna

iconoclasm, iconoclasts

ideology, medieval Eurasian political,

Il-Khanate

India

Indian influence on early Islamic

culture,

Indic, Old Indic,

migration to India,

See also
Vedic

Indo-European, Indo-European

speakers creoles

in the Tarim Basin and North China,

See also
Proto-Indo-

European, diaspora of

Indo-Iranian,

Industrial Revolution and Age of

Discovery

Inner Asia.
See
Central Eurasia

Inner Mongolia.
See
Mongolia, Inner

Internet

Iran.
See
Persia

Iranian, Iranic, Indo-European branch,

Iranians, Iranic branch speakers

nomads

people and language of Iran (see

Persian)

iron

Isfahan

Islam early

history

Ismâ’îl, first Safavid shâh

Ismâ’îl, Samanid ruler

Ištemi, Türk ruler

Italic

Ivan IV, first Russian czar

Jadidism

Jahângîr, Mughal emperor

Jamukha, Mongol leader

Janghar,

Jao Modo, Battle of

Japan, Japanese

Japanese, Japanese-Ryukyuan

See also
Wa

Japanese-Koguryoic people

Jebe

Jesuits

Jews, Jewish

See also
genocide

Judaism among Khazars,

Jima Khol, Battle of

Jochi

Jou-jan.
See
Avars

Junghar Empire

Junghars massacre

of origin myth,

Jurchen

See also
Manchu

Jurchen Empire, Chin Dynasty

See also

Manchu

Kabul

Kadesh, Battle of

Kaesomun, Koguryo usurper.
See
Ür

Ghap Somun

kaghan,

K’ai-feng

K’ai-p’ing.
See
Shang-tu

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Kalmyk

Kandahar

Kanesh

K’ang-hsi Emperor

Kao Hsien-chih.
See
Kŏ Sonji

Kao-tsu, Li Yüan, first T’ang emperor,

Kao-tsung, third T’ang emperor,

Kapghan Kaghan, second kaghan of

Eastern Türk

Kara, Southern Korean realm

Karakhanids

Kara-Khitai Empire, Western Liao

Dynasty

Karakorum, Mongol capital

Kara-Koyunlu

Karashahr, Agni

Karluks

Kashgar

Kazaghan, Kazghan, Central Asian

emir

Kazakhs

Kazakhstan

Kazan, city of Tatarstan

Kazan, last Chaghatayid Khan

Kazan Khanate
See also
Kazan,

city of Tatarstan

Kedun

Kereit

Khabul Khan, Mongol ruler,

Khâlid ibn al-Walîd, Arab general

Khâlid ibn Barmak

Khalkha, Eastern Mongol people,

Khalkhyn Gol.
See
Nomonhan

Khara Khula Khan, Junghar ruler,

Khazanov, Anatoly

Khazars

Kherson

Khitan

comitatus of; language,

Khitan Empire, Liao Dynasty

Khomeini, Ayatollah

‘Khon, Tibetan clan

Khorezm.
See
Khwârizm

Khoshut, Western Mongol people,

Khotan, Khotanese

Khri ‘Dus Srong, Tibetan emperor,

Khri Lde Gtsug Brtsan, Tibetan

emperor

Khrimalod, female ruler of Tibetan

Empire,

Khri Srong Lde Brtsan, Tibetan

emperor

Khri Srong Rtsan, Tibetan emperor

Khri U’i Dum Brtsan, Glang Darma,

last Tibetan emperor

Khubilai, Great Khan

Khujand

Khurâsâniyya, Abbasid Central Asian

army

Khusraw I Anushirvan, Persian

Emperor

Khwârizm, Khwarizmia,

Khwârizmshâh.
See
Muḥammad,

Khwârizmshâh

Kiakhta Treaty of

Kiev

Kikkuli

Kirghiz Kirghizstan

Kišš, Shahr-i Sabz

knives

Köden, Godan

Koguryo, Koguryŏ origin myth.

See
Puyo-Koguryo, origin myth

Koguryo Kingdom

political structure

Köl Tigin, Eastern Türk prince

Koryo, Koryŏ, Korean dynasty

Koryŏ people.
See
Koguryo

Kŏ Sonji, Kao Hsien-chih

Kroraina early Indo-

Europeans in

Kubak Zar, Junghar capital

Kucha

Kuchum, khan of Noghay Horde

Küčlüg, Güčülük, Naiman leader

K’un-mi, K’un-mo, Aśvin ruler

Kushan Empire

Kyoto

Kyrgystan.
See
Kirghiz, Kirghizstan

Ladoga, Old

Lancelot

Lawrence, D. H.

League of Nations

Lechfeld, Battle of

Lenin, Vladimir

Lepanto, Battle of

Lhalung Dpalgyi Rdorje, Tibetan

assassin

Lhasa

Lhazang Khan, Khoshut ruler

Liang Shih-tu, Chinese ruler

Liao Dynasty.
See
Khitan Empire

Liao-hsi, region of modern Inner

Mongolia

Liegnitz, Battle of

Li Po, Chinese poet from Central Asia,

Li Shih-min.
See
T’ai-tsung

Li Te-yü, T’ang minister

literature: early medieval rarity

in pre-Islamic Persian,

See also
poetry

Lithang

Littoral

—System

comparison with

Silk Road

—trade routes

—zone,

Lothair, Frankish king

Louis the German, Frankish king

Louis the Pious, Carolingian king

Loyang

luxury goods, importance of,

Lydians

Macao

Madras

madrasa. See
college: Islamic
madrasa

Mahmûd of Ghazne

Malacca

Malevich, Kazimir,

Malik Shâh, Seljuk ruler

Mamluks

Manchu, Manju, name,

Manchu-Chinese Empire, Ch’ing

Dynasty

See also
Ch’ing

Dynasty; Jurchen; Manchus

Manchukuo

Manchus

conversion to Tibetan

Buddhism,

Mandalay

Mandarin Chinese, transcription of,

Mânî, last Kara-Khitai ruler

Manichaeism, among Uighurs

in China

Mantzikert, Battle of

Maoism

Mao Tse-tung

Maracanda.
See
Samarkand

Marco Polo

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

maritime trade.
See
Littoral: trade

routes

Maruts
See also
comitatus

Marw

Marwân ibn MuḤammad

Marxism, Marxist socialism.
See

communism

maryannu, See also

comitatus

Massagetae

Maurice, Eastern Roman Emperor

Mecca

Medes

Medina

Mehmed II, Ottoman sultan

Meiji, Emperor

Merovech, Frankish king

Merovingian Dynasty

metaphysics.
See
philosophy

Mgar Stong Rtsan

Mgar Khri ‘Bring

Michael, first czar of Romanov Dynasty,

Michael III, the Drunkard, Byzantine

emperor

Middle Chinese

Mimana.
See
Kara

Ming Dynasty,

Mitanni kingdom Old Indic

speakers of
See
also

maryannu.

Modernism,

in the arts

hyper-Modernism,

positive views of,

post-Modernism,

post-Modernism and

historiography

—in architecture

—definition in the arts,

—in music,

—in painting, graphic arts

color in

—in poetry

—political, sociopolitical

in Burma,

in Cambodia in Central

Eurasia

in China

in Germany

in India in Iran

in Japan in Nepal,

in Russia and the Soviet

Union in

Turkey

—religious, fundamentalism

Moghulistan, Moghuls
See

also
Mughal Empire

Mohammed Rezâ Shâh, Persian ruler,

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

monarchy, monarchist

Möngke, Great Khan

Mongol Empire

Mongolia, Inner

Mongolia, republic of,

Mongols

origin myth,

Moscow
See also

Muscovy

Mo-tun, Hsiung-nu ruler

Mu’âwiya, first Umayyad caliph,

Mughal Empire, Mughals,

See also
Moghulistan

Muhammad

MuḤammad, Khwârizmshâh,

Mukden, Shenyang

Murmansk

Mûsâ, Arab rebel

Muscovy
See also
Moscow

music

Modern,

and

poetry,; popular

See also
Modernism: in

music

musk

Mussolini, Benito

Mycenaean Greek, Mycenaean Greeks

Nagasaki

Naiman

Namsaeng, Koguryo leader

Nan-chao Kingdom

Nanking, Nanjing

National Socialist Party, Nazis

natural merchant theory

natural warrior theory

Nawbahâr, New Vihâra,

Nazi Party, Nazis.
See
National Socialist

Party

needy nomad theory

Nerchinsk, Treaty of

Nibelung, Frankish lord

Nicholas II, Russian czar

Nihâvand, Battle of

Nishapur

Niǎâm al-Mulk

Niǎâmî

Noghay Horde
See also
Sibir

Nomonhan, Battle of

non-autarkic theory.
See
Khazanov;

needy nomad theory

North Caucasus Steppe, defined

Novgorod

Numitor

Nurhachi, Jurchen-Manchu ruler

Oaths of Strasbourg

Odoacer, King of Italy

Ögedei, Great Khan

Oghuz, Turkic people

Oirats, Western Mongols

Okhotsk

Old Chinese,; Early

Indo-European influence on

Oleg, Rus kaghan

Ombo Erdeni, Eastern Mongol khan,

Ong Khan, Wang Khan, Kereit ruler,

Oracle Bone Inscriptions

formation of writing system,

ordo,
royal encampment,

Orestes, Hun leader

ortaq, ortoy,

Ortu, Koguryo capital

Ostrogoths.
See
Goths

Ottoman Empire, Ottomans,

Ö tkur, Abdurehim

Ötükän

Paekche, Puyo-Koguryo kingdom of

Korea

Pagán

Pahlavi Dynasty

painting, graphic art Islamic

“Persian” miniature

Khotanese, in T’ang Dynasty,

Modern

Sung Dynasty

Tibetan
See also
Modernism: in

painting

Pakistan, creation of

Pânipât, Battle of

Pannonia

paper

Parhae, southern Manchurian

kingdom

Paris University of,