Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World (87 page)

   
1.
 Mancini

   
2.
 Commines

   
3.
 Mancini

   
4.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
5.
 More

   
6.
 Ibid.

   
7.
 Mancini

   
8.
 
CSP Milan

   
9.
 Mancini

  
10.
 Ibid.

  
11.
 
Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77

  
12.
 
HVIIPPE

  
13.
 Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. XIII

  
14.
 Pietro Carmeliano, cited in Anglo:
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy

  
15.
 An example is in Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. III, p. 15, and probably comes from a book Cecily owned.

  
16.
 
CSP Spain

  
17.
 
CSP Venice; CSP Milan

  
18.
 
Collection of Ordinances

  
19.
 In 1477 priests holding fellowships at Queens’ College, Cambridge, were instructed to offer daily prayers for “our sovereign lady, Queen Elizabeth, foundress of the College, the Prince, and all the King’s childer.” The college was founded by Andrew Dockett, a local rector, in 1446. Margaret of Anjou had become its patron in 1448.

  
20.
 Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs: “A ‘Most Benevolent Queen’ ”;
Women and the Book

  
21.
 Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig

  
22.
 Royal MS. 14, EIII; Wilkins; McKendrick, Lowden and Doyle

  
23.
 Garrett MS. 168; Quaritch; Okerlund:
Elizabeth of York

  
24.
 Hinde

  
25.
 
Paston Letters;
Additional MS. 6113

  
26.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
27.
 Only some masonry and the vaulted undercroft, which housed the domestic offices, survives of Edward III’s palace.

  
28.
 Hedley

  
29.
 “Narratives of the Arrival of Louis of Bruges”; Kingsford:
English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century

  
30.
 Green

  
31.
 Brigden

  
32.
 Mancini

  
33.
 Rous

  
34.
 More

  
35.
 
Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77;
B.L. Additional MS. 14289, f. 12; Lowe

  
36.
 Shears

  
37.
 Hicks:
Edward V;
Exchequer Records E.101/412/9-11; Harleian MS. 158, ff. 119v, 120v; Additional MS. 6113, ff. 97–98v, 111–12

  
38.
 
Foedera

  
39.
 Commines;
Foedera

  
40.
 Commines

  
41.
 Cotton MSS.

  
42.
 Commines

  
43.
 Additional MS. 6113

  
44.
 
Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV
. This infant was possibly named for her aunt, Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, or for her great-grandmother, Anne Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge, through whom the House of York claimed its senior descent from Edward III. Edward IV also professed a special devotion to St. Anne, mother of the Virgin Mary.

  
45.
 Cokayne

  
46.
 Leland:
Itinerary

  
47.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
48.
 A detailed account of the proceedings by Thomas Whiting, Chester Herald, is in
Excerpta Historica
. See also Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs:
Reburial

  
49.
 At the Reformation the college was dissolved and half the church dismantled. Visiting the ruined choir in 1573, Elizabeth I was appalled to see that the tombs were much decayed, and ordered that new Renaissance-style monuments be built in the church to house the remains of Edward, Duke of York; Richard, Duke of York; Cecily Neville (who had been buried at Fotheringhay in 1495); and Edmund, Earl of Rutland. These are the sepulchres that can be seen today in the sanctuary. The once splendid castle where Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed
in 1587, was pulled down in 1627, and all that remain are the twelfth-century earthworks, and a fragment of masonry.

  
50.
 Plowden:
Tudor Women
. Holinshed, writing of Edward’s later plan of 1483 to marry Elizabeth to Henry Tudor, states the marriage had been suggested some years earlier, but Elizabeth was betrothed to the Dauphin at the time.

  
51.
 André

  
52.
 Commines

  
53.
 
CSP Milan

  
54.
 He was born at Windsor—Edward IV refers to him as “our son, George of Windsor” (
Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV
)—not, as is sometimes stated, at the Dominican friary in Shrewsbury where his brother Richard had been born. The first mention of him is in a document of July 6, 1477, appointing him Lieutenant of Ireland.

  
55.
 
Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV

  
56.
 
The Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter

  
57.
 Hedley

  
58.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
59.
 Ibid.

  
60.
 Anne Mowbray was reburied in the Poor Clares’ convent at Stepney. Her coffin was found during excavations in 1965, and after examination her remains were reburied later that year as close as possible to her original burial place in Westminster Abbey. A photograph of her remarkably preserved hair is in the Museum of London.

  
61.
 
The Narrative of the Marriage of Richard, Duke of York; Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry

  
62.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
63.
 Mancini

  
64.
 Hicks:
False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence

  
65.
 Mancini;
Great Chronicle of London;
Commines, Molinet, Roye, Vergil; Stow:
Annals

  
66.
 
Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77

  
67.
 
Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth
, in
PPE

  
68.
 Hicks:
False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence

  
69.
 Cited Jones:
Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485

  
70.
 Westervelt; Hicks:
Richard III;
Hicks:
False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence;
Crawford:
The Yorkists

  
71.
 
Croyland Chronicle;
Vergil; More

  
72.
 Vergil

  
73.
 Ibid.

  
74.
 Ross:
Edward IV

  
75.
 
Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV

  
76.
 Ibid.

  
77.
 
CSP Milan

  
78.
 
CSP Venice

  
79.
 Harleian MS. 336, in Leland:
Collectanea

  
80.
 Warner

  
81.
 Harleian MS. 336, in Leland:
Collectanea

  
82.
 Harleian MS. 4780

  
83.
 Green; Platt

  
84.
 Account of Garter King of Arms, in Additional MS. 6113, ff. 49, 74–74v;
PPE

  
85.
 
Foedera

  
86.
 Hall

  
87.
 
Foedera

  
88.
 College of Arms MS. I, 11, f.21r-v; Sandford.

  
89.
 Jones, in
Women of the Cousins’ Wars;
André

  
90.
 Rous

  
91.
 
Foedera

  
92.
 Kendall:
Louis XI

  
93.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
94.
 
Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth
, in
PPE

  
95.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
96.
 Ibid.

   
1.
 More

   
2.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
3.
 Vergil

   
4.
 Commines

   
5.
 
Excerpta Historica

   
6.
 McKelvey

   
7.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

   
8.
 Cotton MS. Cleopatra

   
9.
 Mancini; Vergil

  
10.
 Mancini

  
11.
 
Croyland Chronicle;
Mancini

  
12.
 Mancini

  
13.
 Ibid.

  
14.
 Ibid.

  
15.
 Vergil

  
16.
 Mancini

  
17.
 Ibid.

  
18.
 More

  
19.
 Mancini

  
20.
 Dockray:
Richard III: A Source Book

  
21.
 Crawford:
The Yorkists

  
22.
 Mancini

  
23.
 Vergil

  
24.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
25.
 Shears

  
26.
 Mancini

  
27.
 More

  
28.
 Mancini

  
29.
 More

  
30.
 Mancini

  
31.
 Fabyan

  
32.
 
Croyland Chronicle; Great Chronicle of London;
Fabyan; More; Vergil

  
33.
 Vergil

  
34.
 More; Hall

  
35.
 
Antiquarian Repertory

  
36.
 Hall

  
37.
 More

  
38.
 
Stonor Letters

  
39.
 Mancini

  
40.
 More; Hall. More relates a detailed conversation between the Queen and the Archbishop, but he almost certainly invented the speeches, basing them on what he knew had passed between them. This was a common practice in historical writing at that time.

  
41.
 More

  
42.
 Mancini

  
43.
 André

  
44.
 Rous

  
45.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
46.
 
Registrum Thome Bourgchier

  
47.
 
Paston Letters;
McSheffrey

  
48.
 Warkworth

  
49.
 This Sir John Mortimer married, after 1485, Margaret, daughter of John Neville, Viscount Montagu, and sister of the George Neville, who had at one time been affianced to Elizabeth; Margaret Neville later married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.

  
50.
 Tudor-Craig;
Catalogue of Western Manuscripts and Miniatures
. The manuscript was in the collection of Colonel Bradfer-Lawrence, but was sold at Sotheby’s in 1983.

  
51.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
52.
 Guildhall MSS.

  
53.
 
York Civic Records

  
54.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
55.
 Ibid.

  
56.
 Mancini

  
57.
 Ibid.;
Croyland Chronicle

  
58.
 Fabyan

  
59.
 André

  
60.
 Mancini

  
61.
 Buck, ed. Kincaid; Kendall:
Richard the Third;
Black; Edwards: “The ‘Second’ Continuation of the Crowland Chronicle”

  
62.
 Mancini

  
63.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
64.
 Commines

  
65.
 Okerlund:
Elizabeth Wydeville

  
66.
 Ashdown-Hill: “The Fate of Edward IV’s Uncrowned Queen, the Lady Eleanor Talbot, Lady Butler”; Hampton; Mowat;
Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77; Rotuli Parliamentorum;
Okerlund:
Elizabeth Wydeville;
Okerlund:
Elizabeth of York
. Ashdown-Hill argues that the story was true and that Edward did make a valid marriage with Eleanor Butler.

  
67.
 Helmholz. I am grateful to Professor Anthony Goodman for sending me this reference.

  
68.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
69.
 Ashdown-Hill:
Eleanor, the Secret Queen

  
70.
 
The Croyland Chronicle
is the only source correctly to report Edward’s supposed precontract with Eleanor Butler.

  
71.
 Crawford:
The Yorkists

  
72.
 
Arrivall

  
73.
 
Excerpta Historica

  
74.
 Hicks:
Robert Stillington

  
75.
 Mancini

  
76.
 Fabyan

  
77.
 Mancini

  
78.
 Rous

  
79.
 Fabyan

  
80.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
81.
 Ibid.

  
82.
 Mancini

  
83.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
84.
 Loades:
The Tudors

  
85.
 Myers: “The Princes in the Tower”

  
86.
 Brigden

   
1.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
2.
 Ibid.

   
3.
 
Cely Letters;
Smyth

   
4.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
5.
 Ibid.

   
6.
 Dockray:
Richard III: A Source Book

   
7.
 More

   
8.
 Mancini

   
9.
 More

  
10.
 Rawcliffe, citing D. 1721/1/11, f. 5–9, Staffordshire Record Office

  
11.
 Ross:
Richard III

  
12.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
13.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
14.
 The matter is discussed extensively, and the sources evaluated, in my book
The Princes in the Tower
(1992); although my conclusions are substantially the same, I have revised some aspects in this book.

  
15.
 More;
Great Chronicle of London;
Vergil. For a balanced, academic view, see Hicks:
Edward V
, who points out that three sources are usually sufficient evidence for academic historians. For More’s sources, see
The Princes in the Tower
.

  
16.
 The basis of the British Library.

  
17.
 For a full discussion of Buck’s sources, see A. N. Kincaid’s edition of his work.

  
18.
 Cited by Kincaid, in his edition of Buck.

  
19.
 Chambers; Markham

  
20.
 Hicks:
Edward V

  
21.
 Ibid.

  
22.
 Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI

  
23.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
24.
 Rowse:
Bosworth Field

  
25.
 Hall

  
26.
 Jones, in
Women of the Cousins’ Wars

  
27.
 Vergil

  
28.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
29.
 Vergil

  
30.
 Ibid.

  
31.
 Ibid.

  
32.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
33.
 André

  
34.
 Caxton;
The Caxton Project;
Gill

  
35.
 
Dictionary of National Biography

  
36.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
37.
 Ibid.

  
38.
 Ibid.

  
39.
 Baldwin:
Elizabeth Woodville

  
40.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
41.
 Vergil

  
42.
 Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig

  
43.
 Vergil

  
44.
 Hicks:
Edward V

  
45.
 Vergil

  
46.
 
Croyland Chronicle
. The original Parliament Roll was destroyed in 1485, but a transcript of the act survives in the
Croyland Chronicle
.

  
47.
 Herlihy

  
48.
 Peter Clarke; Hicks:
Anne Neville

  
49.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
50.
 St. Aubyn. I can find no contemporary evidence to support this statement.

  
51.
 Harleian MS. 433, f. 308;
Original Letters Illustrative of English History

  
52.
 Cheetham

  
53.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
54.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
55.
 Smyth

  
56.
 Baldwin:
Lost Prince;
Harleian MS. 433; Smyth

  
57.
 Mcmahon; Pevsner;
Wiltshire Community History

  
58.
 
Victoria County History: North Yorkshire

  
59.
 
PPE

  
60.
 Smyth

  
61.
 Baldwin:
Lost Prince; Victoria County History: North Yorkshire;
Smyth. John Nesfield had died by April 1488, when his widow, Margaret Assheton, was granted letters of administration.

  
62.
 
Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III

  
63.
 For example, Kendall in
Richard the Third

  
64.
 Harleian MS. 433, III

  
65.
 Ibid.

  
66.
 Pierce

  
67.
 
Richard III: Crown and People

  
68.
 For example, Myers in “The Princes in the Tower” and Kendall in
Richard the Third

  
69.
 Pierce

  
70.
 Commines

  
71.
 Buck; Strickland

  
72.
 
Croyland Chronicle
. An empty tomb bearing the worn effigy of a boy in Sheriff Hutton Church, Yorkshire, has long been claimed to be Edward of Middleham’s. It once bore the Neville arms (as Anne Neville is shown wearing in the contemporary Salisbury Roll) and the royal arms differenced, so the identification may be correct. Hicks:
Anne Neville
.

  
73.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
74.
 
Great Chronicle of London

  
75.
 Gristwood

  
76.
 
Croyland Chronicle