Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (32 page)

BOOK: Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England

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72	Shadis, Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) , pp. 24–5.

D. S. H. Abulafia (2004), ‘Joanna, Countess of Toulouse (1165–1199)’,
ODNB
, available online at
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14818
, accessed on 22 April 2010. William was born in 1154: G. A. Loud (1999), ‘William the Bad or William the Unlucky? Kingship in Sicily, 1154–1166’,
Haskins Society Journal
, 8, 99–113.

74	On this, see Howell, ‘Royal Women of England’, p. 166.

75	Charters of the Redvers Family and the Earldom of Devon, 1090–1217 , ed. R. Bearman (1994). Exeter: Devon and Cornwall Record Society, new series, vol. 37, pp. 16, 172 no. 30.

76	Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, pp. 175–8, 180 (table 2). In 1238, Robert, son of Robert de Courtenay, is styled the ‘king’s kinsman’: CLR, 1226–40 , p. 323.

77	Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, pp. 217–18 no. 2. In January 1217, Robert also handed over control of Exeter Castle to Isabella as her dower: PR, 1216–1225 , p. 23.

78	CChR, 1226–1257 , p. 102 (Luton is misidentified as Linton).

Pembroke’s father had obtained possession of half the count’s estates after Perche was slain at the battle of Lincoln in 1217: Painter,
William Marshal
, pp. 271–2; Carpenter,
The Minority
, pp. 244, 287; Crouch,
William Marshal
, pp. 137–8. Prior to this, William junior himself had been granted eight of these manors in hereditary right in 1203 on the occasion of his betrothal to his first wife, the daughter of the count of Aumale:
Rotuli chartarum
, i.i, pp. 112b–13.

80	Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters’, p. 67.

81	Wendover , i, pp. 295, 314, esp. 317. Vincent points out, though, that there is some uncertainty surrounding Isabella’s age in 1200 – she might well have been as young as nine: Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême’, pp. 174–5.

82	Historia anglorum , ii, pp. 385–6, 422; Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters’, p. 67.

83	Historia anglorum , iii, pp. 117–18, 322, 347; Chronica majora , v, pp. 267–72, 501–2, 505–6; Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters’, p. 67; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, p. 74.

84	The Trotula , ed. M. H. Green (2001). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 20, 66(4).

85	Ibid., p. 79(90).

86	See pp. 11–12.

87	Foedera , i pt i, p. 182; CPR, 1225–32 , pp. 80–1; Green, Lives , ii, pp. 52–3.

88	Wendover , iii, p. 4.

89	Royal Letters , i, pp. 364–5 no. CCCII, esp. p. 364; Green, Lives , ii, p. 55 (Green confuses Nicholas with Hugh de Nevill).

90	Royal Letters , i, pp. 364–5 no. CCCII, esp. p. 364.

Ibid.

92	It is possible that Eleanor was in the early stages of an unsuccessful pregnancy and that her seasickness and the king’s concern for her reflected her condition. I owe this suggestion to Dr Michael Ray.

93	Royal Letters ., i, pp. 364–5 no. CCCII (p. 365).

94	Ibid., i, pp. 370–1 no. CCCVII (p. 370).

95	For arrangements made by the king in late September 1230, ahead of his departure from Brittany, for Pembroke to remain overseas in his service, see CPR, 1225–32 , pp. 400, 401. See also Wendover , iii, p. 7; ‘Annales de Theokesberia’, p. 76.

96	L. J. Wilkinson (2007), Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire . Woodbridge: Boydell Press, pp. 2–6.

For discussion, see, for example, R. E. Archer (1992), ‘ “How Ladies … Who Live on their Manors Ought to Manage their Households and Estates”: Women as Landholders and Administrators in the Later Middle Ages’, in P. J. P. Goldberg (ed.),
Woman is a Worthy Wight: Women in English Society, c. 1200–1500
. Stroud: Alan Sutton, pp. 149–81.

See, for example, S. Farmer (1986), ‘Persuasive Voices: Clerical Images of Medieval Wives’,
Speculum
, lxi, 517–43; S. M. Johns (2003),
Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-Century Anglo-Norman Realm
. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 69–70; Wilkinson,
Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire
, p. 78.

99	GEC , x, p. 367.

100	Reading Abbey Cartularies , ed. B. R. Kemp (1986–7). London: Royal Historical Society, Camden Fourth Series, 2 vols, ii, nos 1056 (a grant by Isabella, Countess of Pembroke, with William junior’s assent), 1057 (a grant by William junior).

101	Monasticon anglicanum , v, pp. 267–9; GEC , x, p. 367.

102	CChR , i, p. 41; GEC , x, p. 367.

103	Early Charters of the Cathedral Church of St Paul, London , ed. M. Gibb (1939). London: Royal Historical Society, nos 221–2.

104	CChR , i, pp. 167–9; GEC , x, p. 367.

105

Monsticon anglicanum
, vi pt 1, p. 454 n. e. William senior and William junior also witnessed charters issued by tenants to the priory of Bradenstoke, Wilts:
The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory
, ed. V. C. M. London (1979). Devizes: Wiltshire Record Society, vol. 35, pp. 153–5 nos. 518–9, 524;
Monasticon anglicanum
, vi pt 1, pp. 338–9.

106	Monasticon anglicanum , vi pt 2, pp. 1134–5.

107	See, for example, Register of the Abbey of St Thomas, Dublin , ed. J. T. Gilbert (1899). London: Longman, Rolls Series, pp. 118–19 no. cxxxvii; GEC , x, p. 367, n. h.

108	See, for example, The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory , p. 92 no. 264.

109	Reading Abbey Cartularies , ii, no. 1056. For charters of William junior which confirmed his father’s grants to Tintern Abbey and Duisk which referred to Isabella in his pro anima requests, see Monasticon anglicanum , v, pp. 267–9; ibid. vi pt 2, p. 1135.

110	Monasticon anglicanum , vi pt 2, p. 843.

111

Ibid.

112	E. Mullally (1996), ‘The Portrayal of Women in the Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal ’, Peritia, 10, 351–62, at pp. 357–8.

113	Ibid., 358–9.

114	History of William Marshal , ii, pp. 176–9, ll. 13532–43. See also Mullally, ‘The Portrayal of Women’, 359; Crouch, William Marshal , pp. 102–8.

115	Isabella had travelled overseas when heavily pregnant in 1190: Crouch, William Marshal , p. 107. It is, though, perhaps worth noting that by 1207, Isabella was significantly older and might well have regarded pregnancy as a greater physical burden.

116	History of William Marshal , ii, pp. 204–7, ll. 14067–100; Mullally, ‘The Portrayal of Women’, 359. See also History of William Marshal , ii, pp. 170–71, ll. 13378–94.