Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (30 page)

95
  

Ibid.

96
  

See, for example, ibid., ii, pp. 376–7 no. 155, 382–5 no. 158, 388–9 no. 161, 388–91 no. 162.

97
  

Ibid., ii, pp. 388–9 no. 161.

98
  

On female book ownership and on aristocratic mothers who taught their daughters to read, see S. G. Bell (1988), ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of Culture’, in M. Erler and M. Kowaleski (eds),
Women and Power in the Middle Ages
. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, pp. 149–87.

99
  

Manners
, p. 9.

100

Ibid., p. 24.

101

C. de Hamel (1986),
A History of Illuminated
Manuscripts
. London: Guild, pp. 192–6.

102

Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, p. 280.

103

Letters of Medieval Women
(2002), ed. A. Crawford. Stroud: Sutton, p. 51.

104

Ibid., pp. 52–3;
Royal Letters
, i, pp. 219–20 no. CXCV; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, pp. 68–70.

105

Historia anglorum
, ii, p. 405; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, pp. 69–70.

106

‘The Chronicle of Melrose’, in
The Church Historians of England, Vol. IV, Pt I
, ed. J. Stevenson (1856). London: Seeleys, p. 181; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, p. 70.

107

‘The Chronicle of Melrose’, in
Church Historians
, p. 181.

108

Maddicott,
Simon de Montfort
, p. 39.

1
    

Royal Letters
, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, at p. 245. See also
Diplomatic Documents
, i, no. 140.

2
    

D. Crouch (2002),
William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219
(2
^nd
edn). London: Pearson Education, pp. 12–24.

3
    

For Isabella see M. T. Flanagan (2004), ‘Clare, Isabel de,
suo jure
Countess of Pembroke (1171x6–1220)’,
ODNB
, available online at
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47208
, accessed on 14 March 2010.

4
    

Warren,
King John
, p. 255; Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 14; Crouch,
William Marshal
, p. 124.

5
    

Carpenter,
The Minority
, pp. 35–44.

6
    

Crouch,
William Marshal
, pp. 139–41.

7
    

Ibid., p. 139.

8
    

Chronica majora
, ii, pp. 604–5. See also M. Strickland (2005), ‘Enforcers of Magna Carta (
act
. 1215–16)’,
ODNB
, available online at
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93691
, accessed on 16 March 2010. Although William junior’s decision to support the opposing side to his father might seem, at first glance, like the actions of a dissatisfied and resentful son, his actions might well have been part of a family strategy to preserve the Marshal family’s estates no matter which side secured victory: S. Painter (1982 reprint),
William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron and Regent of England
. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 185–6; Crouch,
William Marshal
, pp. 121–2. William junior and his father were in contact with one another during the war. See, for example,
RLP
, i.i, p. 175; ‘Annales prioratus de Wigornia’, p. 406.

9
    

Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 39. William junior’s return to the king’s grace was apparently prompted, on the one hand, by competition with Adam de Beaumont, another of Louis’s supporters, over the office of marshal and, on the other, by Louis’s decision to award Robert, Count of Dreux, custody of Marlborough Castle, a stronghold once held by William junior’s grandfather, John. Robert was the Duke of Brittany’s brother. For Louis’s anger at William junior’s decision to desert him, see:
De antiquis legibus liber. Cronica maiorum et vicecomitum Londoniarum
, ed. T. Stapleton (1846). London: Camden Society, p. 205. William junior’s actions receive fuller discussion in Carpenter,
The Minority
, pp. 29–30; Crouch,
William Marshal
, p. 123.

10
  

See K. J. Stringer (1985),
Earl David of Huntingdon: A Study in Anglo-Scottish History
. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 52–3.

11
  

Ibid., p. 53; Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 148. For the complaints of Earl David’s widow against William Marshal junior and his efforts to refute these, see
Royal Letters
, i, pp. 47–8 nos XL–XLI.

12
  

For background, see
Royal Letters
, i, pp. 141–4 nos CXXIII–CXXIV. For William’s letter to Hubert de Burgh, informing him of Llywelyn’s actions in Pembrokeshire and the peace terms which the Welsh prince forced upon William junior’s knights and other men there, see ibid., i, pp. 144–5 no. CXXV
.
See also R. F. Walker (1972), ‘Hubert de Burgh and Wales’,
EHR,
87, 465–94, at p. 472.

13
  

RLCl
, i, p. 429b;
Royal Letters
, i, p. 150 no. CXXIX.

14
  

Royal Letters
, i, p. 150 no. CXXIX.

15
  

Alexander II had secured the custody of the honour of Huntingdon during the minority of Earl David’s heir: Stringer,
Earl David
, p. 53; G. W. S. Barrow (1989 reprint),
Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306
. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 150.

16
  

M. Brown (2004),
The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371
. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 24; Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 196.

17
  

RLCl
, i, p. 429; Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 219. The young Marshal managed to delay finally handing over the castle until late November 1220:
PR, 1216–25
, p. 272; Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 220.

18
  

Ibid., p. 196.

19
  

Royal Letters
, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 246.

20
  

Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 245.

21
  

Royal Letters
, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 244.

22
  

Ibid., i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI (pp. 244–5); Powicke,
Henry III
, i. pp. 157–8; Carpenter,
The Minority
, pp. 244–5.

23
  

Royal Letters
, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245.

24
  

Henry’s eldest daughter, Marie, married Otto in May 1214. For the marriage and the battle, see:
Chronique des ducs de Brabant, Tome II
, ed. E. de Dynter (1854). Bruxelles: L’Académie Royale de Belgique, pp. 349–50. See also G. Smets (1908),
Henri I, duc de Brabant, 1190–1235
. Bruxelles: Lamertin.

25
  

Genealogia ducum Brabantiae heredum Franciae
, ed. I. Heller (1853), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS 25, p. 390 (ch. 7). According to the Dunstable annalist, the duke had returned his wife to her father when he entered into a confederacy with King John and the counts of Flanders and Boulogne: ‘Annales prioratus de Dunstaplia’, in
Ann. mon
., iii, pp. 39–40 (recorded under 1212, rather than 1213).

26
  

His eldest daughter, Marie, now the widow of Emperor Otto IV, had recently married in July 1220 as her second husband William (I), Count of Holland. Another daughter, Margaret, was the wife of Gerhard (III), Count of Guelders. Her sister, Adelaide, was the widow of Arnoul (III), Count of Loos and Graf of Rieneck, and another sister, Mathilde, the wife of Floris, the son and heir of Count William (I), of Holland by William’s first wife, Adelaide of Guelders: Smets,
Henri I, duc de Brabant
, p. 165;
Genealogia Ducum Brabantiæ Heredum Franciæ
, p. 390 (ch. 7);
Oude Kronik van Brabant
(1855), Codex Diplomaticus Neerlandicus, Utrecht, Second Series, deerde deel, part i, p. 62.

27
  

For Arnoul’s death in 1221, see
Biographie nationale, volume 1
(1866). Bruxelles: L’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, p. 451.

28
  

For the financial predicament of the crown, see Carpenter,
The Minority
, p. 248.