Down with Big Brother (81 page)

95.
Mlynář,
Nightfrost in Prague
, p. 146.

96.
Dubĉek, p. 178.

97.
Dobbs, “The Autumn of Alexander Dubĉek,”
WP
, August 17, 1988, p. A12.

98.
Dobbs, “The Czech’s Long Dissent.”

99.
“Police Riot Sticks Spawn a Revolution,”
WP
, January 14, 1990, p. A39.

100.
WP
, November 25, 1989, p. A1.

101.
David Pryce-Jones,
The Strange Death of the Soviet Empire
, p. 335.

102.
“A Brutal Mistake Sparks a Revolution,”
LAT
, December 17, 1989, p. Q12.

103.
Dobbs, “Romania’s Cult of the Personality,”
Guardian
(London, June 20, 1980).

104.
Chernyayev, p. 81; Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 397.

105.
Transcript of Political Executive Committee meeting, published in
România Libera
, January 10, 1990.

106.
Eyewitness testimony to author, December 1989.

107.
Edward Behr,
Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite
, p. 17.

108.
Transcript of trial, quoted in John Sweeney,
The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceausescu
, p. 225.

109.
Ibid., p. 217.

110.
Author’s contemporaneous notes. See Dobbs, “Dictator’s Dream Took Harsh Toll,”
WP
, January 5, 1990, p. A1.

111.
Interview with former NKVD executioner Vladimir Tokaryev,
Observer
(London, October 6, 1991), p. 1.

112.
82nd Congress.
The Katyn Forest Massacre
, p. 1661.

113.
Ibid., p. 1660.

114.
Interview with Dmitri Volkogonov, January 1995. See also
Komsomolskaya Pravda
, October 15, 1992, p. 3.

115.
Yeltsin provided Poland with copies of Katyn documents in October 1992. For facsimiles and English translation, see Wojciech Materski et al.,
Katyn: Documents of Genocide.

116.
“The Katyn Documents: Politics and History,” RFE/RL research, vol. 2, no. 4 (January 22, 1993), p. 27.

117.
Joint memorandum from Shevardnadze, Falin, and Kryuchkov, in author’s possession. See also Materski and RFE/RL, “The Katyn Documents,” pp. 28–29.

118.
Interview, January 1993. See Dobbs, “Gorbachev’s Veracity Challenged,”
WP
, January 22, 1993, p. A23.

119.
In interview, Boldin said he showed Gorbachev original copies of the secret Soviet-German protocols in July 1987. Gorbachev continued to insist that the originals could not be found.

120.
Statement to author, January 1993.

121.
Interview, June 1993.

122.
Falin memorandum, February 22, 1990, quoted in RFE/RL, “The Katyn Documents,” p. 29.

123.
Official Tass statement, April 15, 1990.

124.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, p. 291.

125.
Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, pp. 157–58.

126.
Ibid., p. 164.

127.
Sukhanov, pp. 145 and 150.

128.
Ibid., p. 146.

129.
Ibid., p. 153.

130.
Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr Nekrich,
Utopia in Power
, p. 251.

131.
Author’s contemporary notes. “Yeltsin wins presidency of Russia,”
WP
, May 30, 1990, p. A1.

132.
Dobbs, “Yeltsin Presses for Sovereign Russia,”
WP
, May 31, 1990, p. A1.

133.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, p. 18. For a slightly different account of the conversation, see Sukhanov, p. 269.

134.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, pp. 20–21.

135.
Viktor Alksnis interview with
Sovietskaya Rossiya
, reported in “Conservative calls on Gorbachev to get tough,”
WP
, November 22, 1990, p. A62.

136.
Petrakov interview, February 1991.

137.
Shevardnadze, p. 212.

138.
Ibid., p. 197.

139.
Ibid., pp. 223–26.

140.
“Shevardnazde quits as foreign minister,”
WP
, December 21, 1990, p. A1.

141.
Quoted in Kaiser, pp. 388–89.

IV:
REVOLT OF THE PARTY

1.
Shevardnadze, p. 215.

2.
Yevgenia Albats,
The State Within a State
, pp. 279–80.

3.
Radio interview with coup investigator, FBIS-SOV-92-024, p. 61.

4.
Vadim Bakatin, “Neizbezhnaya Otstavka,”
Znamya
(Moscow), no. 12 (1991), pp. 216–19.

5.
Albats, p. 277.

6.
Politburo debate, April 2, 1981, TsKhSD.

7.
Vadim Bakatin,
Izbavleniye ot KGB
, p. 46.

8.
Albats, p. 24.

9.
Bakatin,
Izbavleniye ot KGB
, p. 44.

10.
Ibid., p. 50.

11.
Interview, August 1993.

12.
Oleg Kalugin,
The First Directorate
, pp. 243–44.

13.
V. Stepankov and E. Lisov,
Kremlyovskii Zagovor
, pp. 53–54.

14.
Interview with Kryuchkov’s wife,
Moskovskaya Pravda
, August 22, 1992 (FBIS USR-92-119), p. 10. See also Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 446, and Leonid Shebarshin,
Iz Zhizni Nachalnika Razvedki
, pp. 7–9.

15.
Gorbachev interview with Yuri Shchekochikhin,
Literaturnaya Gazeta
, December 4, 1991 (FBIS-SOV-91-233), p. 26.

16.
Chernyayev, p. 484.

17.
The author was a witness to these events. See “Soviet troops seize Lithuania’s TV station” and “Lithuania under Soviet military curfew,”
WP
, January 13, 1991, p. A1, and
WP
, January 14, p. A1, p. A13.

18.
Interview with Lithuanian Procurator General Paulaskas,
Izvestia
, January 14, 1992 (FBIS-USR-92-013), p. 28.

19.
Interviews with victims’ relatives, January 1991. See also official statement by Lithuanian Deputy Procurator General Norkunas, February 18, 1991.

20.
Interview, January 13, 1991.

21.
Stepankov and Lisov, pp. 272–79.

22.
Boltunov, p. 188.

23.
Norkunas statement.

24.
Radio conversation intercepted by Lithuanian authorities. See
Literaturnaya Gazeta
(Moscow, July 10, 1991), p. 3.

25.
Komsomolskaya Pravda
, August 28, 1991, p. 4. (FBIS-SOV-91-171), p. 35.

26.
Remnick, p. 238.

27.
Interview, January 13, 1991, 7:00 a.m.

28.
Interview, May 1990. See Landsbergis profile, “Unlikely revolutionary leader
Lithuanian drive,”
WP
, May 7, 1990, p. A13.

29.
Interview, May 1990.

30.
Ibid.

31.
WP
, January 17, 1991, p. A18.

32.
WP
, January 14, 1991, p. A16.

33.
Remnick, p. 389.

34.
WP
, January 15, 1991, p. A1.

35.
Literaturnaya Gazeta
(July 15, 1992), p. 12. (FBIS-USR-92-097), p. 117.

36.
Stepankov and Lisov, p. 271.

37.
MN
, no. 3 (1991), p. 1.

38.
Chernyayev, p. 411.

39.
New Times
, no. 12 (1992), p. 12. In interview in August 1993, Gorbachev said he never had any intention of following the “advice” of Yakovlev and Ignatenko, adding that his presence was needed in Moscow.

40.
Vneshekombank report. Quoted in Stepankov and Lisov, p. 304.

41.
“Republics assume Kremlin debt,”
WP
, October 30, 1991, p. A31.

42.
Moskovskie Novosti
, no. 46 (November 17, 1991), p. 9. “Much of Soviet gold is sold,”
WP
, September 28, 1991, p. A1.

43.
Copies of export licenses, provided by Istok, are in author’s possession. The Russian press ran numerous articles on the Harvest ’90 scandal, notably
Izvestia
, October 21–26, 1992, and
Trud
, December 30, 1992.

44.
Resolution to dismiss charges in Istok case, Russian ministry of Internal Affairs, July 4, 1994, in author’s possession. Tarasov subsequently returned to Russia as a People’s deputy with parliamentary immunity from prosecution. See also statement by Russian prosecutor-general Nikolai Marakov to Supreme Soviet, June 24, 1993.

45.
Makarov statement.

46.
Interview, September 1992. See Dobbs and Coll, “Ex-Communists are scrambling for Quick Cash,”
WP
, February 1, 1993, p. A1.

47.
Stepankov and Lisov, pp. 302–03.

48.
Interview with Soviet prosecutor Sergei Aristov, March 1993.

49.
Komsomolskaya Pravda
, January 22, 1992.

50.
Interview, January 1993.

51.
Stephen Handelman,
Comrade Criminal
, p. 372.

52.
Interview, September 1993.

53.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, pp. 224–34.

54.
Veselovsky memorandum, September 24, 1991, leaked to
Komsomolskaya Pravda
.

55.
Quoted in Robert D. Kaplan,
Balkan Ghosts
, p. 39.

56.
BBC/Lapping,
Death of Yugoslavia
, Program 1.

57.
BBC videotape of meeting.

58.
Former Mayor of Belgrade Bogdan Bogdanovi?, quoted by Stephen Engelberg,
NYT Magazine
, September 1, 1991.

59.
Slavoljub Đjukić,
Izme
?
u Slave i Anateme
, p. 187.

60.
Interview, Vukovar, July 1993. This section is based on a reporting trip to Yugoslavia and Croatia for a series about the legacy of communism. See Dobbs, “Yugoslavia Maps a Road to Ruin,”
WP
, September 5, 1993, p. A1.

61.
Interview, Zagreb, July 1993.

62.
See, for example, Roger Cohen, “In the Balkans, Doing Well by Waging War,”
NYT
“Week in Review,” March 26, 1995, p. 4.

63.
Laura Silber and Allen Little,
Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation
, pp. 140 and 146.

64.
BBC/Lapping.
Death of Yugoslavia
, Program 3.

65.
Interview with former Borovo managing director Vladimir Husar, Zagreb, July 1993.

66.
Mary Battiata, “In Croatia, Time
Heals No Ethnic Wounds,”
WP
, July 13, 1991, p. A1.

67.
Yakovlev interview, August 22, 1991.

68.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, p. 39; interview with Gorbachev, BBC
Second Russian Revolution
, final program.