Down with Big Brother (79 page)

44.
Speech on Central TV, November 29, 1990.

45.
Akhromeyev and Kornienko, pp. 61–62.

46.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 1, p. 66.

47.
Zdenčk Mlynář, “Il Mio Compagno di Studi Mikhail Gorbachev,”
L’Unità
(Rome, April 9, 1985), p. 9.

48.
Raisa Gorbachev, p. 66.

49.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 1, p. 157.

50.
Ibid., p. 106.

51.
Robert G. Kaiser,
Why Gorbachev Happened
, p. 76.

52.
Interview, August 1993.

53.
Interview, September 1993.

54.
Reagan,
An American Life
, pp. 614–15.

55.
George Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph
, p. 568.

56.
Edward Jay Epstein, “Petropower and Soviet Expansion,”
Commentary
, (July 1986), p. 26.

57.
Dobbs, “Oil’s Skid Fuels Gorbachev’s Reforms,”
WP
, May 28, 1990, pp. A1, 18.

58.
Soviet Politburo transcript, October 29, 1981, TsKhSD.

59.
Chernyayev, p. 40.

60.
Interview with Abel Aganbegyan, BBC/Lapping.

61.
Izvestia
, June 8, 1990. According to former Prime Minister Ryzkhov, the decision was taken because of the “prevailing international situation and our military doctrine.”

62.
See Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 1, p. 285.

63.
BBC, September 6, 1985, SU/8049/C/1.

64.
Testimony of
Vremya
producer Eduard Sagalayev. See David Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb
, pp. 146–47. See also Boldin, pp. 110–11.

65.
Boldin, p. 100.

66.
BBC, September 9, 1985, SU/8051/C/1.

67.
Marquis de Custine,
Empire of the Czar
, p. 437.

68.
Chernyayev, p. 39.

69.
BBC, September 6, 1985, SU/8049/C/1.

70.
Interview with Gorbachev foreign policy adviser Chernyayev, July 1993. See also Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 1, p. 276.

71.
Ronald Reagan,
Speaking My Mind
, p. 247.

72.
Presidential press conference, January 29, 1981.

73.
Reagan,
An American Life
, p. 635.

74.
Donald T. Regan,
For the Record
, pp. 308–09.

75.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 14.

76.
Lou Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
. p. 280. See also Reagan,
An American Life
, pp. 636–37.

77.
Testimony of school friend Yuliya Karagodina, see Remnick, pp. 155–56.

78.
Interviews with NSC adviser Robert McFarlane, December 1993, and former State Department official Tom Simons. Jack Matlock, the former NSC specialist on the Soviet Union, also referred to the spurious Lenin book during the Princeton conference, February 26, 1993, Session IV.

79.
Interview with college radio stations, September 9, 1985.

80.
Televised address to the American people, January 16, 1984. The “evil empire” speech was delivered to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, on March 8, 1983.

81.
McFarlane interview, December 1993.

82.
Joan Quigley,
What Does Joan Say?
, pp. 126–30.

83.
Robert and Suzanne Massie,
Journey
, p. 190.

84.
Massie interview, March 1994.

85.
Daniel Schorr, “Reagan Recants; His Path from Armageddon to Détente,”
LAT
, January 3, 1988. See also Cannon, pp. 289–91.

86.
Martin Anderson,
Revolution
, pp. 82–83.

87.
Televised address, March 23, 1983.

88.
This exchange occurred at the Soviet Embassy on November 20. See Don Oberdorfer,
The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era
, pp. 147–50.

89.
Shultz testimony, Princeton conference, Session IV.

90.
Address to the British Parliament, June 8, 1982.

91.
Kaiser, p. 119.

92.
Interview, July 1994.

93.
Interview, March 1994.

94.
Princeton conference, Session II.

95.
NSC memorandum, November 12, 1985, provided to author by Robert McFarlane.

96.
Boldin, pp. 95–96.

97.
Dusko Doder and Louise Branson,
Gorbachev—Heretic in the Kremlin
, pp. 16–17.

98.
Vestnik
(Soviet Foreign Ministry publication), no. 1 (August 1987). Quoted by Oberdorfer, p. 162.

99.
Chernyayev, p. 61.

100.
Ibid., p. 70.

101.
A. M. Aleksandrov-Agentov,
Ot Kollontaia do Gorbacheva
, p. 289.

102.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 14.

103.
Dobrynin, p. 586.

104.
Chernyayev, Princeton conference, Session II.

105.
Dyatlov interview, April 1992. The most detailed English-language accounts of the disaster are Grigori Medvedev,
The Truth About Chernobyl
and Piers Paul Read,
Ablaze
.

106.
Grigori Medvedev, pp. 73–76.

107.
Dyatlov interview.

108.
Grigori Medvedev, p. 87.

109.
Grigori Medvedev, p. 114.

110.
Interview with author, see
WP
, August 21, 1988, p. A10.

111.
Yuri Shcherbak,
Chernobyl, a Documentary Story
, pp. 152–54.

112.
Interview with Shcherbak,
The Second Russian Revolution
, Part II, BBC-TV, March 1991.

113.
Interview, April 1991.

114.
Grigori Medvedev, p. 167.

115.
Nigel Hawkes,
The Worst Accident in the World
, p. 122.

116.
“Lies about Chernobyl,”
Izvestia
, April 24, 1992.

117.
Grigori Medvedev, p. 204.

118.
“Chernobyl, Symbol of Soviet Failure,”
WP
, April 26, 1991.

119.
For atmosphere at Politburo meetings, see, for example, Boldin, pp. 162–65.

120.
Chernyayev, pp. 87–88.

121.
Secret Politburo documents on Chernobyl,
Izvestia
, April 17, 1993, pp. 1 and 5.

122.
Chernyayev, pp. 89–90.

123.
See, for example, memorandum to Gorbachev from
Pravda
science editor Vladimir Gubarev of May 16, 1986, published in
Rodina
(Moscow), no. 1 (1992).

124.
Grigori Medvedev, p. ix.

125.
Chernyayev, p. 88.

126.
For a classic definition of the Great Game, see George N. Curzon,
Russia in Central Asia
.

127.
For Soviet
spetsnaz
tactics, see B. V. Gromov,
Ogranichenni Kontingent
, pp. 198–205, and “Taini Afghanskoi Voini,”
Armiya
(Moscow), no. 10 (May 1992), pp. 50–51.

128.
Muhamad Yousaf,
The Bear Trap
, pp. 174–77.

129.
Lyachowski, p. 379.

130.
Confidential memorandum to Brezh-nev from Institute of World Economy director Oleg Bogomolov.
WP
, April 26, 1988.

131.
Bradsher, pp. 189–99.

132.
Brzezinski interview with author, April 1994.

133.
William Casey,
The Secret War Against Hitler
, p. xiv.

134.
Joseph E. Persico,
Casey
, p. 7.

135.
Natonal Security Decision Directive 166. See Robert Gates,
From the Shadows
, pp. 348–49.

136.
See Shultz, pp. 691, 844, 866.

137.
Yousaf, pp. 78–79.

138.
Ibid., pp. 189–95.
WP, July
19, 1992, p. A1.

139.
Abramowitz interview with author, January 1994.

140.
Interview with Michael Pillsbury, former Defense Department official, January 1994.

141.
Ibid.

142.
The agent was probably Dmitri F. Polyakov, a general in the Soviet Air Defense Command. He was executed after Aldrich Ames identified him to the KGB in 1986.

143.
Chernyayev, p. 115.

144.
Official Politburo minutes, November 13, 1986, TsKhSD; Chernyayev, p. 130.

145.
Dobrynin, p. 442.

146.
Chernyayev interview, July 1993.

147.
Dobrynin, p. 443.

148.
Chernyayev interview, July 1993.

149.
For Soviet estimate of costs of Afghan War, see Ryzkhov, pp. 232–33, Chernyayev, p. 193, and Akhromeyev and Kornienko, p. 167.

150.
Ryzkhov, p. 231.

151.
Chernyayev, pp. 14, 25, 192.

152.
See, for example, comments by Paul Nitze, Princeton conference, Session III.

153.
Gromov, p. 219, Akhromeyev and Kornienko, p. 167.

154.
Interview, July 1993.

155.
Chernyayev, p. 120.

156.
Interview, June 1993.

157.
Gromov, p. 254.

158.
The conversation took place on December 16, 1986. Andrei Sakharov,
Memoirs
, p. 615.

159.
Pravda
, May 28, 1992, p. 3.

160.
Akhromeyev and Kornienko, p. 76.

161.
Boldin, p. 167.

162.
Chernyayev, p. 159.

163.
Dobrynin, p. 625.

164.
Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia
, p. 179.

165.
Boris Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, pp. 18–22.

166.
Lev Sukhanov,
Tri Goda s Yeltsinym
, p. 143.

167.
Yeltsin,
Struggle for Russia
, p. 98.

168.
Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, p. 67.

169.
Ibid., p. 156.

170.
Izvestia
, no. 2, 1989, TsKh KPSS, pp. 214–15.

171.
Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, p. 76.

172.
Ibid., p. 144.

173.
Boldin, p. 235.

174.
Izvestia
, TsKh KPSS, p. 241.

175.
Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, p. 147.