Descartes' Bones (35 page)

Lokhorst, Gert-Jan. “Descartes and the Pineal Gland.”
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Winter 2006. Ed. Edward N. Zalta.
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2006/entries/pineal=gland
.

Maccioni Ruju, P. Alessandra, and Marco Mostert.
The Life and Times of Guglielmo Libri: Scientist, Patriot, Scholar, Journalist, and Thief.
Hilversum: Verloren, 1995.

Macdonald, Paul S. “Descartes: The Lost Episodes.”
Journal of the History of Philosophy
40, no. 4 (2002).

Masquelet, A. C. “Rembrandt's
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
(1632).”
Maîtrise Orthopédique,
www.maitrise-orthop.com
.

Masson, Georgina.
Queen Christina.
London: Secker and Warburg, 1968.

McClaughlin, Trevor. “Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France,”
Journal of the History of Ideas,
40:563–81 (1979).

McGahagan, Thomas A. “Cartesianism in the Netherlands, 1639–1676: The New Science and the Calvinist Counter-Reformation.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1976.

Meige, Henry.
Paul Richer et son oeuvre.
Paris: Masson & Co., 1934.

Mercier, Louis-Sébastien.
Éloge de René Descartes.
Paris: Vve Pierres, 1765.

———.
Corps législatif. Conseil des Cinq-Cents. Discours de L.-S. Mercier, prononcé le 18 fl oréal, sur René Descartes.
Paris: Imprimérie Nationale, 1793.

———.
Le nouveau Paris.
1799. Paris: Mercure de France, 1994.

Mouy, Paul.
La développement de la physique cartésienne, 1646–1712.
Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1934.

Nadler, Steven.
Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Nagel, Thomas.
The View from Nowhere.
New York: Oxford, 1986.

———. “Conceiving the Impossible and the Mind-Body Problem.”
Philosophy
73 (July 1998).

Nolan, Lawrence. “Malebranche's Theory of Ideas and Vision in God.”
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
Winter 2003.

Nordenfalk, Carl, ed.
Christina, Queen of Sweden: A Personality of European Civilisation.
Stockholm: National Museum, 1966.

Palmer, R. R.
The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.

“Pantheon Awaits Descartes Ashes When Discovered.”
New York Herald.
European ed. December 3, 1927.

“Pantheon Seeks Descartes' Body.”
New York Times,
January 29, 1928.

Parker, M. “False Dichotomies: EBM, Clinical Freedom, and the Art of Medicine.”
Medical Humanities
31 (2005): 25–30.

Pearce, J. M. S. “Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815–1865): The Cerebral Lobes and Fissures.”
European Neurology
56 (2006).

Pelenski, Jaroslaw, ed.
The American and European Revolutions, 1776– 1848.
Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1980.

Perrier, Edmond. “Sur le crâne dit ‘de Descartes', qui fait partie des collections du Muséum.”
Compte-rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences,
September 30, 1912.

Porter, Roy, ed.
Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

———, and Mikulas Teich, eds.
The Enlightenment in National Context.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

“ Procès-verbal de la remise à MM. les Commissaires de M. le Préfet de la Seine, des restes de Descartes, Mabillon et Montfaucon, qui étaient déposés dans le Jardin des Petits-Augustins à Paris.”
Extrait du Moniteur.
Paris: Agasse, n.d.

“Un Project Vieux de 136 Ans.”
La Presse,
November 29, 1927.

Raymond, Jean-François de.
Descartes et Christine de Suède: La reine et le philosophe.
Paris: Bibliothèque Nordique, 1993.

———.
Pierre Chanut, ami de Descartes: Un diplomate philosophe.
Paris: Beauchesne, 1999.

Rée, Jonathan.
Descartes.
London: Allen Lane, 1974.

Rhine, Stanley.
Bone Voyage: A Journey in Forensic Anthropology.
Albuquer-que:University of New Mexico Press, 1998.

Richard, Camille. “Le comité de salut public et les fabrications de guerre sous la Terreur.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Paris, 1921.

Richer, Paul.
Physiologie artistique de l'homme en mouvement.
Paris: Aulanier,1896.

———.
L'art et la médecine.
Paris: Gaultier, 1902.

———. “Sur l'identification du crâne supposé de Descartes par sa comparaison avec les portraits du philosophe.”
Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences,
January 20, 1913.

Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève.
Descartes: His Life and Thought.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Rohault, Jacques.
Oeuvres posthumes de M. Rohault.
The Hague: Henry van Bulderen, 1690.

Roth, Leon.
Descartes' Discourse on Method.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937.

Ruestow, Edward G.
Physics at 17th-and 18th-Century Leiden.
The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.

Schiller, Francis.
Paul Broca: Founder of French Anthropology, Explorer of the Brain.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

Schlaffer, Heinz. “Holiday from the Enlightenment.”
www.signandsight.com
. February 27, 2006.

Schmaltz, Tad M.
Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Schouls, Peter.
Descartes and the Enlightenment.
Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989.

———.
Descartes and the Possibility of Science.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.

Scott, Franklin D.
Sweden: The Nation's History.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.

Sebba, Gregor. “Some Open Problems in Descartes Research.”
Modern Language Notes
75 (March 1960).

Shapin, Steven, “Descartes the Doctor: Rationalism and Its Therapies.”
British Journal for the History of Science
33 (2000).

Shaw, Matthew. “The Time of Place: Louis-Sébastien Mercier and the Hours of the Day.” Paper presented at the Society for the Study of French History Annual Conference, Southampton, England, July 5, 2005.

“Sketch Identifies Skull of Descartes.”
New York Times,
January 26, 1913.

Slive, Seymour.
Frans Hals.
3 vols. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1989.

Solies, Dirk. “How the Metaphysical Need Outlasted Reductionism: On a Methodological Controversy between Philosophy and the Life Sciences in 19th-Century Germany.” Paper presented at the Metanexus Institute's
Continuity + Change: Perspectives on Science and Religion
conference, Philadelphia, June 3–7, 2006.

Sommaire du plaidoyer pour l'abbé, prieur et chanoines réguliers et chapitre de Sainte Geneviève, défendeurs, contre messire Hardouin de Péréfixe, archevêque de Paris, demandeur.
Paris, 1667.

Sparrman, Anders.
A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic Polar Circle, Round the World, and to the Country of the Hottentots and the Caffres from the Year 1772–1776.
Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1975.

Spinoza, Baruch.
The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza.
New York: Dover,1955.

Stålmarck, Torkel.
Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht—Ett Porträtt.
Stockholm: Norstedts, 1997.

Staum, Martin S.
Labeling People: French Scholars on Society, Race, and Empire,1815–1848.
Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003.

Taylor, Quentin. “Descartes's Paradoxical Politics.”
Humanitas
14, no. 2 (2001).

Terlon, Hugue, Chevalier de.
Mémoires du Chevalier de Terlon. Pour rendre compte au Roy, de ses négociations, depuis l'année 1656 jusqu'en 1661.
Paris: Louis Billaine, 1682.

Uglow, Jenny.
The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World.
New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.

Van Bakel, Rogier. “The Trouble Is the West.”
Reason,
November 2007.

Van Bunge, Wiep.
From Stevin to Spinoza: An Essay on Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic.
Leiden: Brill, 2001.

Van Damme, Stéphane. “Restaging Descartes: From the Philosophical Reception to the National Pantheon.”
http://dossiersgrihl.revues.org/document742.html
.

Van de Ven, Jeroen. “Quelques données nouvelles sur Helena Jans.”
Bulletin Cartésien
32 (2001).

Vass, Arpad A. “Beyond the Grave—Understanding Human Decomposition.”
Microbiology Today,
November 2001.

Vauciennes, P. Linage de.
Mémoires de ce qui s'est passé en Suède, et aux provinces voisines, depuis l'année 1645 jusques en l'année 1655, tirés des dépêches de Monsieur Chanut par P. Linage de Vauciennes.
Cologne: Pierre du Marteau,1677.

Venita, Jay. “Pierre Paul Broca.”
Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
126 (March 2002).

Verbeek, Theo.
Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy,1637–1650.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.

———.
Une université pas encore corrompue . . . : Descartes et les premières années de l'Université d'Utrecht.
Utrecht: Utrecht University, 1993.

———, Jelle Kingma, and Philippe Noble.
Les néerlandais et Descartes.
Amsterdam: Maison Descartes, 1996.

Verbeek, Theo, Erik-Jan Bos, Jeroen Van de Ven, eds.
The Correspondence of René Descartes: 1643.
Utrecht: Zeno, 2003.

Verneau, R. “Le crâne de Descartes.”
L'Anthropologie
23 (1912): 640–42.

———. “Les restes de Descartes.”
Æsculape
11 (1912): 241–46.

Voltaire.
Lettres philosophiques.
Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1909.

Vovelle, Michel.
Piété baroque et déchristianisation en Provence au XVIIIe siècle.
Paris: Plon, 1974.

Waterworth, J., trans.
The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and CEcumenical Council of Trent, Celebrated under the Sovereign Pontiffs Paul III, Julius III, and Pius IV.
London: C. Dolman, 1848.

Watson, Richard A.
The Breakdown of Cartesian Metaphysics.
Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987.

———.
Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes.
Boston: David R. Godine, 2002.

Wessel, Leonard P.
G. E. Lessing's Theology, a Reinterpretation: A Study in the Problematic Nature of the Enlightenment.
The Hague: Mouton, 1977.

Wilkin, Rebecca M. “Figuring the Dead Descartes: Claude Clerselier's
Homme de René Descartes
(1664).”
Representations
83 (2003).

Young, Robert M.
Mind, Brain, and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Zola-Morgan, Stuart. “Localization of Brain Function: The Legacy of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828).”
Annual Review of Neuroscience
18, (1995): 359–83.

         

Acknowledgments

I
WAS FORTUNATE ENOUGH
to receive guidance from three of the world's leading authorities on Descartes and his philosophy: Jean Robert Armogathe, director of studies of the History of Religious and Scientific Ideas in Modern Europe program at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes at the Sorbonne; Theo Verbeek, professor of philosophy at Utrecht University; and Richard Watson, professor of philosophy emeritus at Washington University in St. Louis. I thank them for their help with this book and at the same time disassociate them from any errors it might contain. I am also particularly grateful to Philippe Mennecier, director of conservation at the Musée de l'homme in Paris, for giving me private viewings of the skull of Descartes, for sharing with me his dossier of documents related to its history, and for putting me in contact with other seekers after Descartes' bones.

My thanks also to the following: Susanna Åkerman, Swedish historian and biographer of Queen Christina, for showing me around Christina's Stockholm; Jane Alison, for Latin translations; Hisao Baba, director of anthropology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; Michael Baur, professor of philosophy, Fordham University, for philosophical guidance and advice; ErikJan Bos, Utrecht University, coeditor of the new critical edition of the correspondence of Descartes, for his incisive critique of the manuscript; Friso Broeksma, for putting me up at his house on Prinseneiland; Veronica Buckley, biographer of Queen Christina; Jennifer Carter, McGill University, for her generous help with documents related to the Museum of French Monuments and for her thoughts on the quixotic figure of Alexandre Lenoir; Bernard Cartier, medical doctor and historian of French medicine; Hampus Cinthio, Historiska Museet, Lund, Sweden; Anne Deneufbourg, Maison Descartes, Amsterdam; I. M. L. Donaldson, emeritus professor of neurophysiology at the University of Edinburgh; Theodor Ebert, professor emeritus of the history of philosophy at the Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, for sharing the manuscript of his monograph on Descartes' death with me; Marnie Henricksson, who had a great deal to do with the creation of this book; Suzanne Hoeben, for fact-checking; Beth Johnson and Jan Kat, for the loan of their beach house in Egmond aan Zee, which gave me a chance to steep in a land- and seascape where Descartes lived; Mami Kamei, for Japanese translations; Michael Martin for reading and critiquing the manuscript; Ann-Britt Qvarfordt, for Swedish translations; and Dominique Terlon, genealogist, for providing me with information on her seventeenth-century ancestor who carried Descartes' bones from Sweden to France and kept a piece for himself.

Thanks also to Armelle Aymonin, American Library in Paris; Marijke Bartels and Martijn David of Mouria Publishers, Amsterdam; Philippe Comar, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris; Melissa Ann Danaczko; Maite Frost; Charles Gehring; Cobie Ivens; Jaap Jacobs; Raymond Jonas, professor of history, University of Washington; Birgitta Lindholm, keeper of manuscripts, Lund University Library; Therese Oltramari, librarian, Bibliothèque nationale de France; Emilie Stewart; Pamela Twigg; Theresa Vann, Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, St. John's University, College-ville, Minnesota; Ulla von Wowern, Lund University Historical Museum, Lund, Sweden; Caroline van Gelderen; and Charles Wendell.

I would also like to acknowledge the main institutions where I carried out my research: the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the library of the Universiteit van Amsterdam, the New York Public Library, the American Library in Paris, the Bibliothèque Ste.-Geneviève, the Lund University library in Sweden, and Maison Descartes in Amsterdam.

As always, the greatest thanks to my agent and friend Anne Edelstein and to my brilliant editor, Bill Thomas.