Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (160 page)

78.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, December 27, 1986, 2:1297; Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 2:1179.

79.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 194–197;
DXPNP-2
, December 30, 1986.

80.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, January 2, 1987, 2:1182; Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 2, 1987, 2:1302.

81.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 6, 1987, 2:1302.

82.
See Stavis,
China's Political Reforms
, pp. 90–96. See also Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, pp. 194–203; Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, 2:1279, 1301.

83.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 10, 1987, 2:1306.

84.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 2:1182.

85.
Ibid., January 9, 1987, 2:1182.

86.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 10, 1987, 2:1303–1304.

87.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 2:1195–1196.

88.
The full text of Deng Liqun's criticisms is in Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 417–445.

89.
Yang Jisheng,
Zhongguo gaige niandai de zhengzhi douzheng
, pp. 568–622, extracts translated in Qiren Mei, ed., “Three Interviews with Zhao Ziyang,”
Chinese
Law and Government
38, no. 3 (May–June 2005); Zong Fengming,
Zhao Ziyang: Ruanjinzhong de tanhua
(Zhao Ziyang: Captive Conversations) (Hong Kong: Kaifang chubanshe, 2007); Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 176–182.

90.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, January 15, 1987, 2:1185.

91.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 447–448.

92.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, January 16, 1987, 2:1186.

93.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 16, 1986, 2:1307–1309.

94.
Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions,” ch. 2, n101.

95.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, January 16, 1987, 2:1187–1188;
ZGGCDLD
, January 16, 1987, p. 224.

96.
Document No. 3 is printed in Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, 2:1313–1314.

97.
Ibid., January 19, 1986, 2:1313–1314.

98.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 2:1189–1190; ibid., 2:1313–1314, 1319–1320.

99.
Interviews with Zhu Houze (August 2006, September 2006), Wu Mingyu (August 2006, July 2007), Yu Guangyuan (February 2003, October 2003, and June 2005), and Li Rui (February 2006, August 2006, and July 2007).

100.
Man Mei,
Sinian yiran wujin: Huiyi fuqin Hu Yaobang
(Longing without End: Memories of My Father, Hu Yaobang) (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 2005), p. 473; Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 2:1190–1195.

101.
Du Daozheng,
Du Daozheng riji: Zhao Ziyang shuoguo shenme hua
(Du Daozheng Diary: What Zhao Ziyang Said) (Hong Kong: Tiandi, 2010), p. 151.

102.
James Tong, ed., “Party Documents on Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization and Hu Yaobang's Resignation,”
Chinese Law and Government
21, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 29–38.

103.
ZGGCDLD
, January 13, 1987, p. 224.

104.
Stavis,
China's Political Reforms
, pp. 111–128; Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, pp. 214–225; Baum,
Burying Mao
, p. 209.

105.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, March 29, 1987, 2:1319.

106.
Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, pp. 204–214.

107.
Baum,
Burying Mao
, pp. 211–215; ibid., pp. 225–232.

108.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 467–468; interviews with Li Rui, February 2006, August 2006, and July 2007.

109.
Du Daozheng,
Du Daozheng riji
, p. 160.

110.
Ibid., pp. 173–174.

111.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, November 11, 1986, 2:1290.

112.
Ibid., January 16, 1987, 2:1306.

113.
SWDXP-3
, p. 395, n117.

114.
For Deng Liqun's view of the May 13 speech, see Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 459–460.

115.
Anthony J. Kane, “1987: Politics Back in Command,” in Anthony J. Kane, ed.,
China Briefing, 1988
(New York: Asia Society, 1988), p. 11.

116.
Interviews with Singapore officials in October 2004;
DXPNP-2
, May 29, 1987.

117.
Chi Huang, “Deng's Ideas on Political Restructuring,”
Beijing Review
30, no. 39 (September 29, 1987): 14–15.

118.
Ziyang Zhao, “Advance along the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,”
Beijing Review
30, no. 45 (November 9–15, 1987): xv–xxi. For an account of the political reforms written shortly after the congress, see Tony Saich, “Reforming the Political Structure,” in Benewick and Wingrove,
Reforming the Revolution
, pp. 27–47.

119.
Saich, “Reforming the Political Structure,” pp. 27–47.

120.
Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions,” ch. 2; Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 472–473.

121.
Deng Liqun, obviously wounded, goes into the background in great detail in his book
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 467–478.

20. Beijing Spring

1.
The two accounts by high-level officials are Ziyang Zhao,
Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
, trans. and ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), a translation based on the tapes Zhao recorded after he was under house arrest; and Li Peng's diary covering this time period,
LPLSRJ
, available in the Fairbank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University. Among the most useful works on the Spring 1989 movement are Michel Oksenberg, Lawrence R. Sullivan, and Mark Lambert, eds.,
Beijing Spring, 1989, Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), esp. Melanie Manion, “Introduction: Reluctant Duelists,” pp. xiii–xlii; Suzanne Ogden et al., eds.,
China's Search for Democracy: The Student and Mass Movement of 1989
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992); Minzhu Han, ed.,
Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Orville Schell,
Mandate of Heaven: A Generation of Entrepreneurs, Dissidents, Bohemians, and Technocrats Lays Claim to China's Future
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994); Binyan Liu, with Ming Ruan and Gang Xu,
Tell the World: What Happened in China and Why
(New York: Pantheon, 1989); Tony Saich, ed.,
The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1990); Long Bow Group,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace
,
video recording produced and directed by Richard Gordon and Carma Hinton (San Francisco: NAATA/CrossCurrent Media, 1996); Mike Chinoy,
China Live: Two Decades in the Heart of the Dragon
(Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1997); Tang Tsou, “The Tiananmen Tragedy,” in Brantly Womack, ed.,
Contemporary Chinese Politics in Historical Perspective
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Melinda Liu, “Beijing Spring: Loss of the Mandate of Heaven,” in David and Peter Turnley,
Beijing Spring
(New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1989), pp. 44–172; Jonathan Unger, ed.,
The Pro-Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991); Dingxin Zhao,
The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley,
China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), pp. 297–392 (Lilley arrived in China on May 2, 1989, to be U.S. ambassador, and remained until May 1991). For a careful examination of the available documentation, see Robert L. Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003); the U.S. government's “Tiananmen Papers” containing declassified government documents, available through the National Security Archive, and with a guide, is included in the electronic briefing book Michael L. Evans, ed., “The U.S. ‘Tiananmen Papers’: New Documents Reveal U.S. Perceptions of 1989 Chinese Political Crisis,” a National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, June 4, 2001, at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB47/
, accessed March 16, 2010. A bibliography of publications during the first year after June 4 by Tony Saich and Nancy Hearst can be found in Saich,
The Chinese People's Movement
, pp. 190–196. The most comprehensive collection of materials, including a detailed chronology, is Liang Zhang, comp., and Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, eds.,
The Tiananmen Papers
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001) (
TP
). The documents were collected by Chinese reformers and passed on to a compiler to publish in the West. Some of the documents are clearly authentic, but questions have been raised about the authenticity of other documents, particularly those reporting meetings of eight senior leaders and those summarizing phone calls. Deng Rong, daughter of Deng Xiaoping, reports that her father discussed personnel issues in one-on-one meetings to get the views of each person rather than in larger groups, as described in these volumes. The Chinese edition (Zhang Liang, ed.,
Zhongguo “liusi” zhenxiang
[June 4: The True Story], 2 vols. [Hong Kong: Mingjing chubanshe, 2001]) is more complete than the English edition. On p. 988 of the Chinese edition, the term
“Hanguo”
is used for South Korea, but in fact mainland publications did not use that term until 1992 when China normalized relations with South Korea; before that it used the term
Nan chaoxian.
Because Taiwan and Hong Kong in 1989 used the term
Hanguo
,
this raises a question about the legitimacy of at least some of the documents. The fact that the meetings of eight leaders are not mentioned by Li Peng or Zhao Ziyang in their confidential accounts of high-level politics at the time or by any of the official chronologies raises questions about whether such meetings actually took place, but it is possible that there are classified documents of such meetings that have not yet been released and that even Li Peng and Zhao Ziyang were unaware of them. Alfred L. Chan raises questions about the authenticity of the Tiananmen Papers in an exchange with Andrew Nathan, “The Tiananmen Papers Revisited,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 177 (March 2004): 190–214. Nathan and Link have done a careful job of editing and checking the English translations; since this is a convenient collection, I make use of many of the documents, but I have not used the reported meetings of the eight senior leaders or reports of phone calls since questions have been raised about their authenticity.

2.
TP
, p. 21.

3.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), pp. 466–467.

4.
Li Rui, “Hu Yaobang qushiqian de tanhua” (Conversation with Hu Yaobang Shortly before He Died), in Zhang Liqun et al., eds.,
Huainian Yaobang
, 4 vols. (Hong Kong: vols. 1–2: Lingtian chubanshe, 1999; vols. 3–4: Yatai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2001), 4:277–278.

5.
A particularly insightful account of Chinese intellectuals at the time is Perry Link,
Evening Chats in Beijing: Probing China's Predicament
(New York: Norton, 1992). No foreigner had deeper contacts among Chinese intellectuals than Link, who has excellent Chinese-language skills and was living in Beijing in 1988–1989. A collection of popular views of the time is Perry Link, Richard Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, eds.,
Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989). Bette Bao Lord, wife of U.S. Ambassador Winston Lord, also met with many of the intellectuals advocating democracy. At a January 2009 meeting to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of normalization, Ambassador Lord told me there was such widespread support for the students, including from members of the Chinese press, that it was difficult not to get caught up in the hope that the regime would make some changes to allow more democracy. In retrospect, Lord said, they underestimated the determination of the top leaders to crack down.