Democracy of Sound (50 page)

13
. Ibid., 381.

14
. Ibid., 242.

15
. Marci A. Hamilton, “Commissioned Works as Works Made for Hire under the 1976 Copyright Act: Misinterpretation and Injustice,”
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
135 (1987): 1284.

16
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Copyright Law Revision Part 2
, 11–2.

17
. Ibid., 13.

18
. Ibid., 260.

19
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Copyright Law Revision: Report of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law
, 87th Cong., 1st sess., July 1961, 18.

20
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings: Hearings on S. 646 and H.R. 6927
, 92nd Cong., 1st sess., 1971, 16.

21
. Alan Latman and James F. Lightstone, eds.,
The Kaminstein Legislative History Project: A Compendium and Analytical Index of Materials Leading to the Copyright Act of 1976
(Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1981), xxxii.

22
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 21.

23
. Melvin Garner, “The Future of Record Piracy,”
Brooklyn Law Review
38 (1971): 413.

24
.
Capitol Records Inc. v. Greatest Records Inc
., 43 Misc. 2d 878, 880 (Sup. Ct., 1964).

25
. Reisman, “War against Record Piracy,” 102.

26
.
Capitol Records v. Richard W. Erickson
, 2 Cal. App. 3d 526 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1969).

27
.
Capitol
, 2 Cal. App. 3d at 537.

28
. Vaidhyanathan,
Copyrights and Copywrongs
, 19.

29
.
Capitol
, 2 Cal. App. 3d, at 529.

30
. Interview with Francis Pinckney, Charlotte, NC, 26 July 2007.

31
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 29.

32
. New York State Legislature,
Laws of the State of New York, 1966
(Albany, NY: New York State Legislative Bill Drafting Commission, 1966), 3313.

33
. “Piracy Hearing: Tape Piracy, State of New York before Attorney General Louis J. Lefkowitz,”
Performing Arts Review
5, nos. 1–2 (1974): 69–73.

34
. “Record, Tape Pirating Bill Signed,”
Nashville Banner
, May 11, 1971, n.p.

35
. “Piracy Hearing,” 72–3.

36
. New York State Legislature,
Laws of the State of New York, 1966
(Albany: New York State Legislative Bill Drafting Commission, 1966), 3313.

37
. Letter from Henry Brief, April 28, 1966, at 39, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, at Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL) of New York Public Library, New York, NY.

38
. Report by the Committee on Penal Law and Criminal Procedures, 1966, at 23, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

39
. Letter from Henry Brief, April 28, 1966, at 39, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

40
. Ibid. The text of the bill specified, “The word ‘owner’ shall mean the person who owns the master phonograph record, master disc, master tape, master film or other device used for reproducing recorded sounds on phonograph records, discs, tapes, films or other articles on which sound is recorded, and from which the transferred sounds are directly or indirectly derived.” “An act to amend the penal law, in relation to the unauthorized copying
of phonograph records for sale or for use for gain or profit,” February 14, 1966, at 2, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

41
. Letter from Max L. Arons, April 29, 1966, at 50, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

42
. Memorandum from Attorney General Louis J. Lefkowitz, February 8, 1966, at 16, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

43
. Telegram from Thomas E. Ervin, April 22, 1966, at 1, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

44
. Ibid., 4.

45
. Clark had been obsessed with jazz ever since he strung up a long-range antenna from the roof of his parents’ house in Rochester, New York, in 1938, in order to listen to live performances broadcast from Chicago, New York, and London. During a long life that included stints in banking and insurance on Wall Street, Clark amassed a large archive of live jazz recordings. See “Guide to the E. Payson Clark Papers, 1915–2004,”
University of Chicago Library
,
http://uncap.lib.uchicago.edu/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.EPCLARK
, accessed February 27, 2009.

46
. Letter from Payson Clark, June 14, 1966, at 30, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

47
. Ibid., 30.

48
. Ibid.,

49
. Letter from Harry V. Souchon, June 22, 1966, at 32, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

50
. Letter from Payson Clark, at 25.

51
. James Goodfriend, “Piracy and Ethics,”
Stereo Review
, February 1970, 45.

52
. James Boyle,
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 9.

53
. Letter from Henry Brief, June 28, 1966, at 45, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

54
. Letter from Payson Clark, at 26.

55
. Memorandum from Louis J. Lefkowitz, July 21, 1966, at 17, Bill Jacket, L. 1966, ch. 982, SIBL.

56
. Walter J. Derenberg, “Copyright Law,”
Annual Survey of American Law
(1968–1969): 431.

57
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 12.

58
. Ibid., 18.

59
. Ibid., 56.

60
. Ibid., 46; see “The $100-Million Market in Bootleg Tapes,”
Business Week
, May 15, 1971, 132.

61
. “Piracy Hearing,” 9–10, 54.

62
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 47.

63
. Ibid., 6.

64
. Ibid., 56.

65
. Ibid., 25.

66
. Ibid., 28.

67
. Ibid., 4.

68
. Ibid., 59.

69
. R. Serge Denisoff,
Tarnished Gold: The Record Industry Revisited
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1986), 58–9.

70
. Christopher Knab and Bartley F. Day,
Music Is Your Business: A Musician’s FourFront Strategy for Success
(Seattle: FourFront Media and Music, 2001), 108–10; Steve Albini, “The Problem with Music,” in
Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from the Baffler
, ed. Thomas Frank and Matt Weiland (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), 164–76.

71
. “Music Copyright Legislation Develops New Battle Fronts at Third of House Hearings,”
Billboard
, June 14, 1947, 4; “Copyright Act Overhaul Move Seen in Offing,”
Billboard
, January 31, 1948, 34; Mildred Hall, “AFM Charges Revision Gives Short Shrift to the Musicians,”
Billboard
, July 10, 1965, 8.

72
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 53.

73
. See first use of term in “Plug Payolas Perplexed,”
Variety
, October 19, 1938, 41, and subsequent discussion in T. W. Adorno, “On Popular Music,”
Studies in Philosophy and Social Science
9, no. 1 (1941): 35–7; David Suisman,
Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 59; Kerry Segrave,
Payola in the Music Industry: A History, 1880–1991
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.,
1994), 221; Fredric Dannen,
Hit Men: Power Brokers and Fast Money inside the Music Business
(New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 52, 103.

74
. Dannen,
Hit Men
, 3–17, 31–57; Denisoff,
Tarnished Gold
, 264–9.

75
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 69.

76
. Ibid., 81.

77
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 57.

78
. Joanna Demers,
Steal This Music: How Intellectual Property Law Affects Musical Creativity
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 117, 142.

79
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 75; for more on Hart’s career, see Michael O’Brien,
Philip Hart: The Conscience of the Senate
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995).

80
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings
, 75.

81
.
Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 92nd Congress 1st Session 1971
(Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1972), 860.

82
. The October 1971 act was titled “An Act to Amend Title 17 of the United States Code to Provide for the Creation of a Limited Copyright in Sound Recordings for the Purpose of Protecting against Unauthorized Duplication and Piracy of Sound Recording, and for Other Purposes”; see
Congressional Quarterly Almanac: 92nd Congress 1st Session, 1971
, 860; Sound Recording Act of 1971, 85 Stat. 391 (1971).

83
. Celia Lury,
Branding: The Logos of the Cultural Economy
(New York: Routledge, 2004), 108–9.

84
. For more on the Kovens’ legal and managerial difficulties, see
chapter 4
; Linda Mathews, “U.S. High Court Upholds State’s Tape Piracy Ban,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 19, 1973, A3; William T. Drummond, “Admitted Music ‘Pirate’ Tells How Bootleg Market Started,”
Los Angeles Times
, July 20, 1971, B1.

85
. Interview with Francis Pinckney, Charlotte, NC, July 26, 2007.

86
. Howard B. Abrams and Robert H. Abrams, “
Goldstein v. California
: Sound, Fury and Significance,”
Supreme Court Review
(1975): 149.

87
.
Goldstein
, 412 U.S. at 560.

88
. Ibid., at 570.

89
. Ibid., at 570.

90
.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
, 347 U.S. 483 (1954);
Griswold v. Connecticut
, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).

91
.
Goldstein
, 412 U.S. at 574.

92
. Mathews, “U.S. High Court,” A3.

93
.
Goldstein
, 412 U.S. at 571.

94
. James Robison, “Record Industry’s No. 1 Enemy—the Bootleggers,”
Chicago Tribune
, 9 February 1975, 32.

95
. “Piracy Hearing,” 38.

96
. Bill Anderson, “Tape Cassettes: Bootleggers’ Boon,”
Chicago Tribune
, May 22, 1973, 10.

97
. On the prosecution of Sam Goody, see Jonathan Fenby,
Piracy and the Public: Forgery, Theft and Exploitation
(London: Frederick Muller Limited, 1983), 81.

98
. “Piracy Hearing,” 21.

99
.
GAI Audio of New York, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System
, 27 Md. App. 172, 340 A.2d 736 (Md. App. 1975).

100
. Ibid., at 206.

101
. Ibid., at 179–80.

102
. Ibid., at 177–8.

103
. “Suspect in ‘Bootleg’ Case Arraigned,”
Los Angeles Times
, January 8, 1974, B3.

104
. “Piracy Hearing,” 16.

105
. William Farr, “City to Crack Down on Phony Music Tapes,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 16, 1973, B8.

106
. “Piracy Hearing,” 19.

107
. On one day Schoenfeld visited “electronics stores, novelty stores, discount merchandise stores, record stores, and any other stores advertising or appearing likely to be selling inexpensive 8-track tapes” throughout New York City. Of fifteen scouted in Brooklyn, he found
five selling pirate tapes; one of five investigated were doing so in Flushing, Queens; six of ten in Jamaica, Queens; and six of fifteen in Times Square. In lower Manhattan he also found newspaper and tobacco shops selling eight-tracks for $2.79 apiece. “Piracy Hearing,” 6–7.