Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (153 page)

8
    De Leon,
The American as Anarchist
, op. cit., pp. 9, 74–5. For an opposing view, see Schuster,
Native American Anarchism
, op. cit.

9
    See Avrich, ‘Jewish Anarchism’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 178

10
  See Avrich,
The Haymarket Tragedy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984)

11
  Quoted in P. F. Brissenden,
The IWW: A Study of American Syndicalism
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1920), p. 139

12
  Ibid., p. 318

13
  Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 440; Melvyn Dubofsky,
We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
(Chicago: Quadrangle, 1969), p. 480

14
  See Avrich, ‘Sacco and Vanzetti: The Italian Anarchist Background’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., pp. 163, 175

15
  Quoted in
Patterns of Anarchy
, op. cit., pp. 375–6

16
  See Avrich,
The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980)

17
  See
Reinventing Anarchy
, eds. Howard J. Ehrlich, Carol Ehrlich, David De
Leon & Glenda Morris (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979)

1
    See Alfredo Gomel,
Anarquismo y anarcosindicalismo en América Latina
(Paris: Rudeo Iberico,
c.
1980); Ian R. Mitchell, ‘The Anarchist Tradition in Latin America’,
Anarchy
79 (September 1967), 262–3; and Fanny F. Simon, ‘Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism in South America’,
Hispanic American Historical Review
, XXVI (1946), 38–59

2
    See Max Nettlau,
Contribución a la Bibliografia Anarquista en América Latina kasta 1914
(Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Protesta, n.d.)

3
    Quoted in Eduardo Colombo, ‘Anarchism in Argentina and Uruguay’,
Anarchism Today
, op. cit., p. 185

4
    See Osvaldo Bayer,
Anarchism and Violence; Severino di Giovanni in Argentina, 1923–1931
, trans. Paul Sharkey (Elephant Editions, 1986)

5
    See Ronaldo Munck with Ricardo Falcon & Bernardo Galitelli,
Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions and Politics, 1855–1985
(Zed, 1987)

6
    See Acción Libertaria, ‘Cuba: Revolution and Counter-Revolution’, reprinted in
Anarchy
79 (September 1967)

7
    Colombo, ‘Anarchism in Argentina and Uruquay’, op. cit., p. 191

8
    See Newton Stadler de Souza,
O anarquismo da Colônia Cecília
(Rio de Janeiro, 1970)

9
    See Avrich, ‘Brazilian Anarchists’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 256

10
  Quoted in John W. Dulles,
Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935
(Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1973), p. 328

11
  Quoted in
Land and Liberty. Anarchist Influences in the Mexican Revolution. Ricardo Flores Magón
, ed. David Poole (Sanday, Orkney Islands: Cienfuegos Press, 1977), p. 10

12
  Ibid., p. 9

13
  Ibid., p. 17

14
  See John M. Hart,
Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class 1860–1931
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978)

15
  
Regeneración
(11 February 1911)

16
  
Land and Liberty
, op. cit., p. 21

17
  Ibid., pp. 98, 100

18
  See John Womack,
Zapata and the Mexican Revolution
(Thames & Hudson, 1972), pp. 393–404 for the complete
Plan de Ayala

19
  
Land and Liberty
, op. cit., pp. 104–5 Enrique Flores Magón insisted on the close links between Zapata’s ‘Agrarians’ and the PLM in an article in
Freedom
(London, February 1917)

20
  See Avrich, ‘Ricardo Flores Magón in Prison’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 208

21
  
El Productor
(26 July 1889). See also the Introduction to
Enrique Roig de San Martín: artículos publicados en el-periódico ‘El Productor’
, ed. Aleida Plasencia (Havana, 1967)

22
  See my
Cuba Libre: Breaking the Chains?
(Victor Gollancz, 1987), p. 29

23
  See Gerald Poyo, ‘The Anarchist Challenge to the Cuban Independence Movement, 1885–1890’,
Cuban Studies
, 15, 1 (1985), 29–42

24
  José Martí,
Obras completas
, 28 vols. (Havana, 1963–73), II, 255

25
  
Solidaridad Gastronómica
(Havana, 15 August 1955)

26
  Quoted by Mitchell, ‘The Anarchist Tradition in Latin America’,
Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 269

27
  See Sam Dolgoff,
The Cuban Revolution: A Critical Perspective
(Montréal: Black Rose, 1976) for the early anarchist campaign against Castro’s regime

28
See my
Cuba Libre
, op. cit., pp. 79–80

29
  Che Guevara,
Socialism and Man
(New York: Pathfinder Press, 1968), p. 22

30
  See Paulo Freire,
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
(1970) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), and Ivan Illich’s
Celebration of Awareness
(1971) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973)

31
  See Linda H. Damico,
The Anarchist Dimension of Liberation Theology
(New York: P. Lang, 1987)

1
    See Jack Gray,
Modern China in Search of a Political Form
(Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 345

2
    See Martin Bernal, ‘The Triumph of Anarchism over Marxism, 1906–1907’,
China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1906–1913
, ed. Mary C. Wright (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 67, 70; Gray,
Modern China
, op. cit., p. 67

3
    See Robert A. Scalapino and George T. Yu,
The Chinese Anarchist Movement
(1961) (Bristol: Drowned Rat Publications, 1985), p. 9

4
    See Ch’u Min-i, ‘Looking at the Past’,
Hsin Shih-chi
, 24 (30 November 1907), 25

5
    ‘On Anarchism’, ibid., 60 (15 August, 1908), 5

6
    Answers to a letter by Li Shih-tseng, ibid., 8 (10 August, 1907), 2–3

7
    ‘Declaration’,
Hui-ming-lu
, 1 (20 August, 1913), 1–2

8
    Edgar Snow,
Red Star over China
(Gollancz, 1937), p. 149

9
    Ch’en Tu-hsiu, ‘Chinese-style Anarchism’,
Hsin Ch’ing-nien
9, 1 (1 May 1921), 5–6

10
  Pa Chin, letter of 27 November 1962. See also Olga Lang,
Pa Chin and his Writings
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967)

11
  Quoted by Jean Chesneaux, ‘The Federalist Movement in China, 1920–23’,
Modern China
, op. cit., p. 129

12
  See Gray,
Modern China
, op. cit., p. 345

13
  See John F. Walsh, ‘Shen-wu-lieu: China’s Anarchist Opposition’,
Social Anarchism
, II, 1 (1981), 3–15

14
  
Guardian
(19 May 1989)

15
  See Kötoku Shüsui in
Hikari
(Light) (15 December 1906)

16
  See F. G. Notehelfer,
Kotoku Shusui: Portrait of a Japanese Radical
(Cambridge University Press, 1971). See also Hyman Kublin’s life of Sen Katayama,
Asian Revolutionary
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964)

17
  Quoted in Chushichi Tsuzuki, ‘Anarchism in Japan’,
Anarchism Today
, op. cit., p. 107. See also Thomas A. Stanley,
Osugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taisho Japan
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982) and Tatsuo Arima,
The Failure of Freedom
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969)

18
  See Otsushi Shirai, ‘The Impact on Japan of William Godwin’s Ideas’,
American Journal of Economics and Sociology
, 29 (1970), 89–96

19
  See John Crump, ‘Communists vs. Syndicalists in the Japanese Anarchist Movement’,
Bulletin of Anarchist Research
, 17 (May 1989), 7. See also his ‘Anarchist Opposition to Japanese Militarism, 1926–37’, ibid. 24 (1991), 34–36

20
  
Jokyo (Situation)
8 (1969), 37

21
  See Hai Ki-Rak, ‘Speech to First International Seminar for World Peace, October 1988’,
Freedom
, 50, 1 (January 1989), pp. 8–9. See also his
History of the Korean Anarchist Movement
(Tuega, Korea: Anarchist Publishing Committee, 1986)

22
  See Adi Doctor,
Anarchist Thought in India
(Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1964), p. 15

23
  See Albert Meltzer,
The Anarchists in London 1935–1955
(Sanday, Orkney Islands: Cienfuegos Press, n.d.), p. 30

24
  Dalton Dennis, ‘The Theory of Anarchism in Modern India - an analysis of the political thought of Vivekananda, Aurobindo and Gandhi’,
Tradition and Politics in South Asia
, ed. R. J. Moore (New Delhi: Vikas, 1979), pp. 211, 209

25
  Aurobindo Ghose,
The Ideal of Human Unity
(Madras, 1919), p. 77. See also Brian Morris, ‘Politics of the Divine Life: Notes on the Social Philosophy of Aurobindo Ghose’,
Bulletin of
Anarchist Research
, 22 (November 1990), 33–5

26
  Osho,
Rebellion, Revolution and Religiousness
(Santa Monica: Falcon Press, 1989)

27
  Quoted by Stuart Edwards, ‘Spiritual Anarchism’,
Bulletin of Anarchist Research
21 (July 1990), p. 26

28
  Gandhi,
Democracy: Real and Deceptive
, op. cit., pp. 28–9

29
  For a sociological analysis of the
Sarvodaya
movment, see Geoffrey Ostergaard and M. Currell,
The Gentle Anarchists
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971)

30
  For the anarchistic elements of the the
Sarvodaya
movement, see Geoffrey Ostergaard, ‘Indian Anarchism: The Sarvodaya Movement’,
Anarchism Today
, op. cit., pp. 150–3

31
  Vinoba Bhave,
Democratic Values
(Kashi: Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, 1962), pp. 13–14

32
  Ibid, pp. 12–13, 64

33
  
Bhoodan
(28 November 1956); Bhave,
Democratic Values
, op. cit., p. 226

34
  Jayaprakash Narayan,
Socialism, Sarvodaya and Democracy
, ed. Bimal Prasad (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1964), p, 161

35
  
Everyman’s Weekly
(27 April 1975)

36
  See Ostergaard, ‘Indian Anarchism: The Curious Case of Vinoba Bhave - Anarchist Saint of Government’ in
For Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 201–15

37
  See Ostergaard,
Nonviolent Revolution in India
(New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1985), p. 281

1
    Carl Oglesby, ‘The Idea of the New Left’,
The New Left Reader
(New York: Grove Press, 1969), p. 15

2
    See Nigel Young,
An Infantile Disorder: The Crisis and Decline of the New Left
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977), pp. 132–3

3
    Ibid., pp. 134, 142

4
    
The New Left Reader
, op. cit., p. 142

5
    Mitchell Goodman, ed., Introduction,
The Movement towards a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution
(New York: Knopf, 1970), p. vii