Delphi (56 page)

16
.
FD
III 3 237, 299. For discussion of the building of the theater, which was not finished until the Imperial period: Daux 1936a: 686–95, Roux 1976: 165–75, Bommelaer 1991: 206–10. In fact nearly all major construction at Delphi in this period is related to the musical and athletic festivals: Bommelaer 1991: 22.

17
. Asylia for Eumenes:
CID
IV 107. Statue by Aetolians:
FD
III 3 230; Courby 1927: 275–89, Jacquemin and Laroche 1986: 785. Statue by the Amphictyony: Jacquemin
035
. A little later, the Aetolians placed a statue of King Prusias II of Bithynia atop a monumental column, also on the temple terrace:
FD
III 4 76; Courby 1927: 262–65, Jacquemin and Laroche 1986: 786–88. The statue seems to have been surrounded by a ring of bronze “spikes,” perhaps to keep birds from landing and defecating on it and the plinth: Perrier 2008. Jacquemin characterizes these statue dedications as the last acts of a dying koinon: Jacquemin 1999: 64. In the following century, the Delphians would continue the relationship with Bithynia by honoring King Nicomedes III with a statue (94
BC
), the decision to erect it inscribed on the column of Prusias:
FD
III 4 77.

18
.
Syll
³
631.4–6. The festival took place in October, and included a procession from the sacred aire to the temple: Roux 1976: 203. There were probably many more such “mini” festivals for which evidence has not survived: Amandry 2000: 17.

19
. Rousset 1996: 46. During the second century
BC
, the bringing-in of outsiders to settle Delphic disputes, not just with neighbors, but also within their own polis, would become a common feature of the political scene: Daux 1936a: 473–82, Gauthier 2000.

20
. End of Aetolian use of the sanctuary: Daux 1936a: 276. Amphictyony's jibe: Habicht 1987: 60.

21
. Colonisation by Paros: Parke and Wormell
429;
Parke and Wormell 1956a: 243, 246, 277. Eudocus's statue: Jacquemin
250bis
.

22
. Daux 1936a: 301.

23
. Careful diplomatic line, see Polyb. 25.3. Use of Delphi: Polyb. 27.1–2.

24
. Sacrificing at Delphi:
FD
III 4 75; Livy 42.40.8; Polyb. 25.3.1; Daux 1936a: 315. Perseus using Delphi as a center of propaganda: Polyb. 25.3.2; Plut.
Vit. Aem.
28, 36. He also asserted his right to two Macedonian votes on the Amphictyonic council, first given to Philip after the Third Sacred War in the fourth century
BC
:
CID
IV 108.

25
. Parke and Wormell
430.
A statue was also erected in the sanctuary in his honor: Jacquemin
349;
Jacquemin, Laroche, and Lefèvre 1995.

26
. Eumenes' embassy to Rome: Daux 1936a: 317. His attempted murder by Perseus: Polyb. 22.18.4; Livy 42.15–17; Plut.
Mor.
489E.

27
. Rome's grievances against Perseus: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 260. Their inscription at Delphi:
Syll
³
643 (
FD
III 4 75); Livy 42.40; Daux 1936a: 320–25. The details of the inscription tallies with what the literary sources tell us Eumenes II reported to the Roman Senate: Livy 42.13.5, 9.

28
. See Bousquet 1981.

29
. Jacquemin
418
;
FD
III 4 36; Plut.
Vit. Aem.
28.2; Laroche and Jacquemin 1982: 207–12, 15–18. For the frieze: Kähler 1965, Picard 1991: 124–26. For the monument: Bommelaer 1991: 235, Jacquemin 1999: 239.

30
. Eckstein 2008: 342, 349, 365, 381.

31
. That close relationship between Pergamon and Rome continued. In 133
BC
, Attalus III would, on his death without an heir, gift Pergamon and its territories to Rome.

32
.
Syll
³
671–72/
FD
III 3 328. Eumenes II gave one talent for his festival, and Attalus II gave 18,000 drachmas (three talents) for his. The rituals involved a torchlight procession from the gymnasium, and the victors of competitions were awarded money rather than laurel wreaths: Roux 1976: 205, Bommelaer 1991: 216, Rousset 2002a: 226.

33
. Erecting a statue of Attalus at Delphi:
FD
III 3 121; Jacquemin
149.
Other statues of Eumenes II and Attalus II were erected in the sanctuary by unknown dedicators at this time (e.g., Jacquemin
505
) and placed within the stoa of Attalus complex; Jacquemin and Laroche 1986: 788–89. Delphi honoring Attalus's artists:
Syll
³
682.

34
. Definite action by Amphictyony in this period: Daux 1936a: 350. Arbitration over Lamia:
CID
IV 110. Honoring Hegesandros of Athens 150
BC
:
CID
IV 112, who was also honored by the Delphians: Jacquemin
170.
Rearrangement of Amphictyony: Daux 1936a: 352.

35
. See Parke and Wormell 1956a: 261.

36
. Mummius celebrates at Delphi: Polyb. 39.6.1. Shrinking world of Delphi: Daux 1936a: 483.

37
. Arbiters of land dispute:
FD
III 2 130 col. II; Rousset 1996: 46. Revival of Pythaïs: Daux 1936a: 532–40, Mikalson 1998: 269–70. See Strabo 9.2.11. Celebration of 138/7
BC
:
Syll
³
696. Celebration of 128/7
BC
:
Syll
³
697–99. Celebration of
106/5
BC
:
Syll
³
771. Celebration of 98/7
BC
:
Syll
³
728. See Daux 1940: 37, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 262–63. Hymns: Bélis 1992: 131–35.

38
. CID IV 114 (completed with help of copy of the decree inscribed in Athens:
IG
II
²
1132.94; Spawforth 2012: 152). See also Additional letters inscribed in Athens, which accompanied this decree: CID IV 115, 116.

39
. The Delphians honored them for their performance in 128
BC
:
FD
III 2 47. Amphictyony honors in 125
BC
:
FD
III 2 69,
CID
IV 117. The date of 125 has been disputed and some argue for a date of 117
BC
: Spawforth 2012: 152. Restatement in 112
BC
?:
CID
IV 120 (
FD
III 2 70). The Roman Senate became involved because there was a dispute between the guild members of Athens and those of Isthmia, which was finally resolved by the Roman Senate in favor of Athens: Daux 1936a: 355–69. It seems the guild members of Isthmia and Nemea, perhaps as a last attempt at gaining favor, or perhaps in recognition of the Roman decision, put up a statue at Delphi in 112
BC
of the Roman P. Cornelius Lentulus: Jacquemin
474
; Pomtow 1914: 302–303. The Amphictyony also put a statue up for Antipatrus of Athens in 130
BC
(
CID
IV 113), and the Delphians honored the guild members of Athens in 106
BC
and again in 97
BC
with statues as well:
FD
III 2 48 and
FD
III 2 48.

40
.
CID
IV 117.11–14. See Daux 1936a: 369, Spawforth 2012: 152.

41
. Dating to 117
BC
: Rousset 2002a: 131–32. Inscribing Amphictyonic attendance: Daux 1936a: 372. The account:
CID
IV 119: contains the letter to the Amphictyony from the Roman proconsul, the lists of attendance at the emergency Amphictyonic session, the report of the Amphictyony, the accounts of moneys lost, the redefining of the sacred land of Apollo, the reparations made to the Delphian whistle-blowers, and the accounts of restitution made to the god.

42
. These inscriptions make clear first that the sacred land could be used for the grazing of animals belonging to Pythian Apollo, and second, that there was a distinction between the sacred land controlled by Delphi (which could not be used except for the god's benefit) and land controlled by the city, which could be apportioned to, and cultivated by, its residents. In turn this land was split into public territory run by the city, and private plots:
CID
IV 108, 119; Rousset 2002b: 227–28, 230. The territory of Delphi was “a mosaic, composed of private properties, public territories and sacred domains” (my translation): Rousset 2002b: 234.

43
. See Daux 1936a: 372–84, 699–707, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 278, Rousset 2002a: 131.

44
. Daux 1936a: 386.

45
. See Parke and Wormell 1956a: 278.

46
. Jacquemin
183, 184.
Inscription in Greek:
FD
III 1 526. Inscription in Latin:
Syll
³
710B. Unusual use of bilingual honors: Vatin 1967. Rufus in turn made an offering in the sanctuary (Jacquemin
421),
as did a family relation: Jacquemin
422.

47
. Roman law copied at Delphi:
FD
III 4 37; Daux 1936a: 601. A copy of this law has also been found in Cnidus: Hassall, Crawford and Reynolds 1974: 195–209. During this period, 91–89
BC
, Rome was also beset with its own social war, see Crawford 1978. Kidnappers near Delphi:
FD
III 1 457; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 278.

48
. Stadium refitting: Bommelaer 1991: 215. Alexandros:
FD
III 2 48. Eastern Locrians: Jacquemin
340.
Antipatros:
Syll
³
737; Weir 2004: 109. He also received a statue in the sanctuary put up and paid for by the Delphians: Jacquemin
146.

49
. Daux and Bousquet 1942–43: 113–25, Roux 1976: 181, Partida 2009: 302.

50
. For Sulla's difficult position and need for military funds: Diod. Sic. 38.7;

Plut.
Vit. Sull.
12, 19; Paus. 9.7.5; App.
Mith.
54, 122. See Daux 1936a: 398. Sulla and the consultation of the oracle: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 280. Sulla and the gold statue of Apollo: Plut.
Vit. Sull.
29; Stat.
Silv.
5.3.293. For discussion of the degree to which Romans thought of plundering sanctuaries outside their own territory as religious sacrilege, see Pape 1975: 37, Jacquemin 1999: 239.

51
. The silver bowl appears several times in Delphic inscriptions between the sixth and first centuries
BC
e.g.,
FD
III 5 63 and
FD
III 3 224; Bourguet 1897: 489. Sulla reapportioning Theban land: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 279.

52
. For the impact of Sulla on the way Rome related to Greece: Kallet-Marx 1995. The Soteria festival, started by the Aetolians in 279
BC
, may also have fallen by the way side by this time: Nachtergael 1977: 376–78. Delphi was, however, also used by the pro-Sulla camp. The nearby city of Chaeronea, for example, put up honors in the sanctuary at Delphi in this period for a Thracian chief who had been sent to fight for Sulla against Mithridates: Daux 1936a: 401.

53
. Parke and Wormell
434
(see
154
). Sulla executed all Athenians, even those who sought refuge in Athens's main sanctuary on the acropolis: Paus. 1.20.7

54
. Polygnota:
FD
III 3 249–50; Daux 1936a: 405–406, Weir 2004: 81. Flaccus in Greece: Daux 1936a: 406.

55
. Damage visible on the remains of the temple: Reinach 1910, Courby 1927: 116. The fire seems to have taken place in the same year as the one that consumed the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome (Dion. Hal.
Ant. Rom.
4.62).

56
. See App.
Ill
. 4; Plut.
Vit. Num.
9; Daux 1936a: 392, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 278–79.

57
. Amphictyony active:
CID
IV 127 (dated to end second century
BC
/beginning first century
BC
); Giovanni 1978: 64–72. For the picture of Amphictyonic activity in this period: Sanchez 2001: 420. Repairs to temple earlier: Weir 2004: 93. Spartan consultation:
FD
III 1 487. Other Greek cities seem to have been similarly indebted to this individual, as the same monument carries other inscribed thanks:
FD
III 1 488–96; Spawforth 2012: 191. See Diod. Sic. 16.57.4 “the Spartans, even today, continued to consult Delphi on matters of great weight.” Cicero: Parke and Wormell
435
; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 283, 407–408, Flacelière 1977. No more oracles in verse form: Cic.
Div
. 1.19.37.

58
. E.g.,
FD
III 3 11: The sale to Pythian Apollo of a slave called Heraclea for the price of two mines of silver, guaranteeing Heraclea's right to be free and independent. Each of these manumissions mentions the archon at Delphi in the year it was inscribed, as well as the parties and a series of witnesses to the contract. See Daux 1936a: 15–60, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 261–62. The manumissions will be published as a collection in the fifth volume of the
Corpus des Inscriptions de Delphes
. At present, see: Lejeune 1939.

59
. Down to 190
BC
: Daux 1936a: 220. After 167
BC
: Daux 1936a: 269, 491–95, McInerney 2011: 98. We should not understand these manumissions as a statement of the rejection of slavery, in fact they were the “motor” of enslavement, because a slave had to buy his or her freedom, providing the master with money to purchase another slave. As well, the master could impose conditions on the soon-to-be-freed slave, for example, that they return each year to put a fresh crown on their master's statue in the sanctuary.

60
. Caesar: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 283. Caes.
B Civ.
3.56. Calenus is also mentioned in a surviving Delphic inscription:
FD
III 1 318. Consultation by Censorinus: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 408. He was clearly a religious enthusiast: he was also initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries: Beard, Price, and North 1998: 152–53, Spawforth 2012: 144. Response to Censorinus: Parke and Wormell
436
; Val. Max.
De Miraculis
1.8.10. Anthony and Delphi: Plut.
Vit. Ant.
23; Daux 1936a: 409. Offer to repair the temple: Plut.
Vit. Ant.
23.4; Pelling 1988: 176. Dispatch of sacred embassy and renewal of friendship: Spawforth 2012: 148, 149.