Creativity (52 page)

Maier-Leibnitz, Heinz.
Male. b. 3/28/11. Physicist, teacher, author. German. Director of first European research reactor, in Grenoble, France. Recipient, Otto Hahn Prize; Grosses Verdienstkreuz mit Stern; Pour le Merit. Author of many scientific publications. Author,
Zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik
(1979); others. See
Wie Kommt man auf einfaches Neues? der Forscher, Lehrer, Wissenschaftspolitiker und Hobbykoch Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
, edited by Paul Kienle (1991). Interviewed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (8/29/90). Age 79.

Mayr, Ernst.
Male. b. 7/5/04. Zoologist, curator, teacher, writer. American (b. Germany). Recipient, honorary degrees from several universities (ten) in various countries (seven); Leidy Medal (1946); Wallace Darwin Medal (1958); National Medal of Science (1970); Gregor Mendel Medal (1980); Darwin Medal, Royal Society (1987). Member of Rothschild expedition to Dutch New Guinea (1928). Jesup lecturer, Columbia University (1941). Curator, American Museum of Natural History (1944-1953); Alexander Agassiz professor of zoology, Harvard University (1953-1975); director, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University (1961-1970). Author,
Systematics and the Origin of Species
(1942);
Animal Species and Evolution
(1963);
Principles of Systematic Zoology
(1969);
One Long Argument
(1991). Interviewed by Grant Rich (10/21/94). Age 90.

McCarthy, Eugene.
Male. b. 3/29/16. Politician, author, writer. American. U.S. Congressman (1949-1959). U.S. Senator (1959-1970). Democratic presidential candidate (1972). Independent presidential candidate (1976). Author,
The Limits of Power
(1967);
The Ultimate Tyranny
(1980); others. See his
Up ’Til Now
(1987). Interviewed
by Kevin Rathunde (11/16/90). Age 74.

McNeill, William.
Male. b. 10/31/17. Historian, teacher. American (b. Canada). Professor, University of Chicago (1947-1987). Fellowships from the Fulbright, Rockefeller, and Guggenheim foundations. President, Demos Foundation (1968-1980); American Historical Association (1985). Recipient, National Book Award (1964). Author,
The Rise of the West
(1963);
Plagues and Peoples
(1976);
The Pursuit of Power
(1982). Interviewed by Kevin Rathunde (8/10/90). Age 72.

Milner, Brenda.
Female. b. 7/15/18. Neuropsychologist. Candian (b. England). Research contributions on temporal-lobe function and memory disorders and the effects of unilateral brain lesions on cerebral organization. Recipient, Izaak Walton Killam Prize (1983); Hermann von Helmholtz Prize (1984); Ralph Gerard Prize (1987); Grand Dame of Merit, Order of Malta (1985). Author of numerous scholarly articles. Interviewed by Carol A. Mockros (1/5/94). Age 75.

Murphy, Franklin.
Male. b. 1/29/16; d. 6/16/94. Media, university, and arts administrator. American. Dean of the School of Medicine, University of Kansas (1948-1951); chancellor, University of Kansas (1951-1960); chancellor, UCLA (1960-1968); chairman of the Board and CEO, Times Mirror Company (1968-1981); chairman of the Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Carnegie Foundaton for the Advancement of Teaching. Recipient, the First Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan, 1982); Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Feder
al Republic of Germany (1983); Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honor (France, 1985); Andrew W. Mellon
Medal, National Gallery of Art (1991). Interviewed by Keith Sawyer (9/24/92). Age 76.

Neugarten, Bernice.
Female. b. 2/11/16. Social scientist, professor. American. Pioneer in the field of adult development and aging. Member of various advisory boards; Fellow, American Council on Education (1939-1941); past president, Gerontological Society. Recipient, International Association of Gerontology Kleemier Award (1972); Brookdale Award (1980); Sandoz International Prize (1987); American Psychological Association Lifetime Contribution Award (1994). Coauthor or editor,
Society and Education
(1957);
Personality in Middle and Late Life
(1964);
Middle Age and Aging
(1968);
Adjustment to Retirement
(1969);
Social Status in the City
(1971);
Age or Need? Public Policies for Older People
(1982); others. Interviewed by Carol A. Mockros (1/20/93). Age 76.

Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth.
Female. b. 12/19/16. Communications researcher, businessperson, teacher. German. Recipient, Grosses Bundesverdienstkreuz (Germany, 1976); Helen S. Dinerman Award, World Association for Public Opinion Research (1990). Professor of journalism, University of Mainz. Founder and director of the first German survey research institute, Institut fur Demoskopie Allensbach (1947-). Author,
The Germans: Public Opinion Polls, 1967-1980
(1981);
Die Schweigespirale: Offentliche Meinung
—
unsere soziale Haut
(1980; translated as
The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion
—
Our Social Skin
, 1984); others. Interviewed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (4/28/90). Age 73.

Norman, Donald A.
Male. b. 12/25/35. Cognitive scientist, author. American. Recipient, Excellence in Research award, University of California (1984). Professor of Psychology, University of California, San Diego (1966-); professor and founding chair, Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD (1988-). Chairman and founding member, Cognitive Science Society. Author,
Learning and Memory
(1982);
Human Information Processing
(2d ed., 1977);
The Design of Everyday Things
(1989);
Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles
(1992). Editor, Cognitive Science Series (Lawrence Erlbaum Ass
ociates, 1979-);
Cognitive Science Journal
(1981-1985). Interviewed by Keith Sawyer (9/25/92). Age 56.

Offner, Frank.
Male. b. 4/8/11. Electrical engineer, inventor, businessman. American. Accomplishments include applications of transistorized measuring devices and the development of differential amplifier; medical instrumentation that made possible the measurements of the electrocardiogram, the electroencephalogram, and the electromyogram. Developed the only successful heat-homing missiles produced during World War II. Recipient, Professional Achievement Citation Award (1991). Interviewed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Carol A. Mockros, and R. Keith Sawyer (2/19/92). Age 81.

Pais, Abraham.
Male. b. 5/19/18. Physicist, professor. American (b. Holland). One of the founders of particle physics. Recipient, Oppenheimer Prize (1979); Physics Prize of the Netherlands (1992); Andrew Gemant Award (1993); Science Medal of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (1993). Author of numerous scholarly articles as well as scientific biographies of Bohr and Einstein. His books include
Inward Bound
(1986);
Niels Bohr’s Times
(1991);
Subtle Is the Lord
(1983), and
Einstein Lived Here
(1994). Interviewed Carol A. Mockros (4/13/94). Age 75.

Pauling, Linus.
Male. b. 2/28/01; d. 8/19/94. Chemist, activist, teacher. American. Recipient, Nobel Prize in chemistry (1954) for research on the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances; Nobel Prize in peace (1962). Author,
The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals
(1939);
Vitamin C and the Common Cold
(1971);
No More War!
(1958). See
Linus Pauling: A Man and His Science
, by Anthony Serafini (1989). Interviewed by Kevin Rathunde (11/20/90). Age 89.

Peterson, Oscar.
Male. b. 8/15/25. Jazz pianist, composer. Canadian. Founder of Advanced School of Contemporary Music; chancellor, York University (1991-). Played in Johnny Holmes Orchestra (1944-1949); appeared with Jazz at the Philharmonic, Carnegie Hall (1949); toured United States and Europe (1950-); toured Soviet Union (1974). Recipient, several honorary degrees; award for piano,
Down Beat
magazine (thirteen times);
Metronome
magazine Award (1953-1954); Edison Award (1962); Order of Canada (1974); Diplome d’honneur Canadian Conference of the Arts (1975); Grammy Award, four times. Founded Os
car Peterson Scholarship, Berklee School of Music, Boston (1982). Composer,
Canadiana Suite, Hymn to Freedom, Fields of Endless Day, City Lights
. Author,
Jazz Exercises and Pieces: Oscar Peterson New Piano Solos
. Interviewed by Grant Rich (9/20/94). Age 69.

Prigogine, Ilya.
Male. b. 1/25/17. Chemist. Belgian (b. Russia). Recipient, Nobel Prize in chemistry (1977) for his contributions to nonequillibrium thermodynamics; Rumford gold medal, Royal Society of London (1976). Decorated commander, Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1984). Author of many technical books and articles. Author (general science),
From Being to Becoming
(1980);
Order Out of Chaos
(with Isabelle Stengers, 1984). Interviewed by Jeanne Nakamura (10/29/95). Age 78.

Rabinow, Jacob.
Male. b. 1/8/10. Electrical engineer, inventor. American (b. Russia). Recipient, Edward Longstreth Medal, Franklin Institute (1959); Harry Diamond Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1977). Holder of more than 200 patents in diverse fields, including optical character recognition technology, mail-sorting machinery, automatic regulators, and motors. See his
Inventing for Fun and Profit
(1990). Interviewed by Jeanne Nakamura (5/16/93). Age 83.

Randone, Enrico.
Male. b. 12/21/10. Lawyer, insurance executive. Italian. Worked at the Assicurazioni Generali (1937-); president and chairman of the Board since 1979. See
Il Leone di Trieste
, by C. Lindner and G. Mazzuca (1990). Interviewed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (5/13/91). Age 80.

Reed, John.
Male. b. 2/7/39. Banker, philanthropist. American. CEO, Citicorp. Member of the Board, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; MIT; Spencer Foundation; Russell Sage Foundation; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Interviewed by Keith Sawyer (4/15/92). Age 53.

Riesman, David.
Male. b. 9/22/09. Social scientist, lawyer, teacher. American. Recipient, Tocqueville Prize, French Academy (1980). Professor of Sociology, Harvard University. Author,
The Lonely Crowd
(in collaboration with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, 1950);
The Academic Revolution
(with Christopher Jencks, 1968);
The Perpetual Dream
(with Gerald Grant, 1978); others. See his “Becoming an Academic Man” in
Authors of Their Own Lives: Intellectual Autobiographies of Twenty American Sociologists
, edited by Bennett M. Berger (1990, pp. 22-74). Interviewed by Mihaly Csikszentmiha
lyi (6/20/90). Age 80.

Rubin, Vera.
Female. b. 7/23/28. Observational astronomer. American. Known for her work in determining that visible matter provides only a fraction of the overall mass of the universe. Member, National Academy of Sciences; Council of American Astronomical Society (1977-1980); editorial board of
Science
magazine (1979-). Recipient, National Medal of Science (1993). Past president, Committee on Galaxies, International Astronomical Union. Associate editor,
Astronomical Journal
(1972-1977);
Astrophysical Journal of Letters
(1977-1982). Author of more than 125 scientific papers publish
ed in specialist journals and books on the dynamics of galaxies. Interviewed by Carol A. Mockros (10/10/92). Age 64.

Salk, Jonas.
Male. b. 10/28/14; d. 6/23/95. Biologist, philosopher, author. American. Recipient, Congressional Gold Medal (1955); Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977). Developer of the first successful vaccine against poliomyelitis (1955). Author of many scientific papers. Author (philosophy),
The Survival of the Wisest
(1973);
Anatomy of Reality
(1983); others. See
Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk
, by Richard Carter (1965). Interviewed by Kevin Rathunde (5/1/91). Age 76.

Sarton, May.
Female. b. 5/3/12; d. 7/16/95. Writer. American (b. Belgium). Recipient, Golden Rose Award for poetry (1945); Levinson Prize for Poetry (1993). Author,
Selected Poems of May Sarton
(1978);
Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing
(1965); others. See her
Plant Dreaming Deep
(1967);
Journal of a Solitude
(1973); others. Interviewed by Jeanne Nakamura (4/25/94 and 4/26/94). Age 81.

Schuler, Gunther.
Male. b. 11/22/25. Composer, conductor, author, educator. American. Teacher at Manhattan School of Music (1950-1963);
head of composition department, Tanglewood; president, New England Conservatory of Music (1967-1977); founder of two music labels. Composer,
Quartet for Four Double Basses
(1947);
Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee
(1959); Spectra (1960);
The Visitation
(opera, 1966);
Horn Concerto No. 2
(1976);
On Light Wings
(piano quartet, 1984);
A Bouquet for Collage for Clarinet, Flute, Violin, Cello, Piano, and Percussion
(1988). Recipient, several honorary degrees; Creative Arts Award, Brandeis University (1960); Guggenheim grant (1962, 1963); Rodgers and Hammerstein Award (1971); Frie
dman Award (1988); Pulitzer Prize in music (1994). Author,
Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller
(1985);
The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945
(1989). Interviewed by Grant Rich (11/17/94). Age 68.

Sebeok, Thomas.
Male. b. 11/9/20. Linguist, teacher. American (b. Hungary). Professor of linguistics, Indiana University. Recipient, Distinguished Service Award, American Anthropological Association (1984). President, Linguistic Society of America (1975); Semiotic Society of America (1984). Author,
Perspectives in Zoosemiotics
(1972);
Structure and Texture: Selected Essays in Cheremis Verbal Art
(1974);
The Play of Musement
(1981); others. Editor,
Style in Language
(1960); others. Interviewed by Keith Sawyer (8/28/92). Age 71.