Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (98 page)

BOOK: Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
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Bronze Age
[CP].
One of the primary subdivisions of prehistoric time, established by the
THREE AGE SYSTEM
as the period succeeding the Neolithic which saw the introduction of
BRONZE
for tools and weapons. The Bronze Age has different start dates and different durations in different parts of the Old World.
Principal periods, industrial stages, and traditions of the British Bronze Age
(Based on C. Burgess , 1980,
The age of Stonehenge
(London: Dent) with additions from various other sources)
Meldon Bridge Period (3000–2750
BC

Metalworking Stage I
—Castletown Roche industries (copper)
 
Metalworking Stage II
—Knocknague/Lough Ravel industries (copper)
Mount Pleasant Period (2750–2000
BC

Metalworking Stage III
—Frankford industries (copper)
 
Metalworking Stage IV
—Migdale–Marnoch/Migdale–Killaha industries (copper, bronze, gold) (links to early Ún
tice/Reinecke A1 on the continent)
 
Metalworking Stage V
—Ballyvalley–Aylesford industries
Overton Period (2000–1650
BC

Metalworking Stage VI
—Falkland industries. Wessex I: Armorico-British dagger series (Bush Barrow daggers) (influences from classic Ún
tice/Reinecke A2 metalwork on the continent)
Bedd Branwen Period (1650–1400
BC

Metalworking Stage VII
—Arreton Down industries in southern Britain; Inch Island industries in Ireland; Ebnal industries in Wales and the Marches; Gavel Moss industries in Scotland. Wessex II: Snowshill–Camerton daggers (links to Reinecke A2/B1 or A3 on the continent)
 
Metalworking Stage VIII
—Acton Park industries in England; Killymaddy industry in Ireland; Caverton industries in the Scottish borders; Auchterhouse industries in Scotland (links to the European Tumulus Culture/Reinecke B1)
Knighton Heath Period (1400–1200
BC

Metalworking Stage IX
—Taunton industries in southern England; Barton–Bendish industries in eastern England; Glentrool industries in Scotland; Bishopsland industries in Ireland. The ornament horizon (links to Frøjk-Ostenfeld Group of Montelius IIb-c in northern Europe, Tumulus Culture C stage in central Europe)
Penard Period (1200–1000
BC

Metalworking Stage X
—Penard industries throughout the British Isles (links to the early Urnfield Cultures on the continent; Montelius III; Rosnoën in northern France; Hallstatt A1/A2)
Wilburton—Wallington Phase (1000–800
BC

Metalworking Stage XI
—Wilburton and Wallington industries in England; the Poldar industries in Scotland; Roscommon industries in Ireland. This period sees the extensive use of lead-bronze (links to Hallstatt A2)
Ewart Park Phase (800–700
BC

Metaworking Stage XII
—Carp's tongue/Bexley Heath industries in southeastern England; the Llantwit-Stogursey industries in the west of England and southeast Wales; the Broadward industries of the Welsh Marches; Heathery Burn industries in northern England; Duddington, Covesea, and Ballimore industries in Scotland; and the Dowris industries in Ireland (links to late Urnfield Culture and Hallstatt early C on the continent)
Llyn-Fawr Phase (700–600
BC

Metalworking Stage XIII
—Widespread metalworking industries with little evidence of regional diversity; during this period iron begins to be worked (major links to Hallstatt C and Hallstatt D on the
brooch
[Ar].
A piece of decorative metalwork attached to a garment by a pin either as a fastening or as an ornament. In pre-Roman contexts such brooches were mainly
FIBULAE
, but from the 1st century
bc
onwards far more elaborate and imaginative types appear. See
SAUCER BROOCH
,
RADIATE BROOCH
,
EQUAL-ARMED BROOCH
,
CRUCIFORM BROOCH
,
CROSS BOW BROOCH
.
Browne , Sir Thomas
(1605–82)
[Bi].
Physician and author, renowned for an encyclopedic knowledge of contemporary scientific and antiquarian theory. Knighted in ad 1671, as the leading citizen of Norwich. His
Hydriotaphia
(1658), a discussion of past burial customs, includes the first published description of Anglo-Saxon cremation urns.
[Bio.: J. Bennett , 1962,
Sir Thomas Browne: a man of achievement in literature
. Cambridge: CUP]
bucchero
[Ar].
A type of fine grey-coloured
ETRUSCAN
pottery with a dark grey shiny surface produced between the 8th and 4th centuries
bc
.

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