Conceived in Liberty (144 page)

Early eighteenth-century New York politics is admirably discussed in Lawrence H. Leder,
Robert Livingston, 1654—1728, and the Politics of Colonial New York
(1961). Dorothy R. Dillon,
New York Triumvirate: William Livingston, John Morin Scott and William Smith, Jr.
(1949), deals with the leaders of the rising opposition in the latter decades of the half-century. The bibliography of the Zenger case has been discussed above. Irving Mark’s
Agrarian Conflicts in Colonial New York, 1711–1775
(1940) is an indispensable work on the problems of land monopoly in that colony. Donald L. Kemmerer,
Path to Freedom
(1940), provides a good history of eighteenth-century politics in New Jersey.

The best political history of Pennsylvania in this period is Theodore Thayer,
Pennsylvania Politics and the Growth of Democracy, 1740–1776
(1954); see also Thayer, “The Quaker Party of Pennsylvania, 1755–1765,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
(1947). Winifred T. Root’s
Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696–1765
(1912) is still not obsolete. The literature on Benjamin Franklin is, of course, enormous. The standard biography is Carl Van Doren,
Benjamin Franklin
(1938). Franklin’s
Autobiography,
ed. Labaree et al. (1964), is vital as a clue to his character. On Franklin’s political machinations, see John J. Zimmerman, “Benjamin Franklin and the Quaker Party, 1755–1756,”
William and Mary Quarterly
(1960), and Williams S. Hanna,
Benjamin Franklin and Pennsylvania Politics
(1964). There are several excellent biographies of important political figures of the colony: Roy N. Lokken,
David Lloyd, Colonial Lawmaker
(1959); Theodore Thayer,
Israel Pemberton: King of the Quakers
(1943); and Frederick B. Tolles,
James Logan and the Culture of Provincial America
(1957). Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh,
Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin
(1942), is the standard cultural history of that city. Frederick B. Tolles,
Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682–
1763 (1948), is a fine economic and cultural study. War and the Quakers are discussed in Robert L. D. Davidson,
War Comes to Quaker Pennsylvania, 1682–1756
(1957).

The best history of eighteenth-century Virginia is Richard L. Morton,
Colonial Virginia
(1960), vol. 2,
Westward Expansion and Prelude to Revolution, 1710–1763
Robert E. and B. Katherine Brown’s
Virginia, 1750–1786: Democracy or Aristocracy?
(1964) is an absurd attempt to carry over their concept of “democracy” from Massachusetts to Virginia. Far sounder is the brilliant work of Charles S. Sydnor,
Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington’s Virginia
(1952). James H. Soltow’s “Scottish Traders in Virginia, 1750–1775,”
Economic History Review
(August 1959), is a superb revisionist article that lays to rest the myth that the Virginia planters were “exploited” by the London merchants.

The major history of colonial North Carolina is still Robert D. W. Connor,
History of North Carolina
(4 vols., 1919), vol. 1,
Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, 1584–1783.
Also useful is Samuel A. Ashe,
The History of North Carolina,
vol. 1 (1908). A more recent overall history of the colony is Hugh T. Lefler and Albert R. Newsome,
North Carolina: History of a Southern State
(1954). The classic history of South Carolina in the eighteenth century is Edward McCrady,
The History of South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 1719–1776
(1899). The standard modern work is David D. Wallace,
History of South Carolina,
vol. 1 (1934); the most recent is M. Eugene Sirmans,
Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663–1763
(1966).

E. Merton Coulter,
Georgia: A Short History
(1947), is the standard, overall history of the colony and state. The modern revisionist view of the founding of Georgia began with Albert B. Saye,
New Viewpoints in Georgia History
(1943). See also Verner W. Crane, “Dr. Thomas Bray and the Charitable Colony Project, 1730,”
William and Mary Quarterly
(1962); and the excellent and hard-hitting chapter on early Georgia in Daniel Boorstin,
The Americans: The Colonial Experience
(1958).

The general history of England in this period is well discussed in J. H. Plumb,
England in the Eighteenth Century
(1950); Dorothy Marshall,
Eighteenth-Century England
(1962); John Carswell,
From Revolution to Revolution: England 1688–1776
(1973); Arthur H. Buffinton,
The Second Hundred Years War: 1689–1815
(1929); David Horn,
Great Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century
(1967); and Basil Williams,
The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760
(1962). The economic and financial aspects of English history are treated in Peter M. G. Dickson,
The Financial Revolution in England, 1688–1756
(1967); and the opposition movements in Archibald S. Foord,
His Majesty’s Opposition,
1714—
1830
(1964).

The importance of the Walpole era is highlighted in J. H. Plumb,
Sir Robert Walpole
(2 vols., 1956–60); H. T. Dickinson,
Walpole and the Whig Supremacy
(1973); and Norris A. Brisco,
The Economic Policy of Robert Walpole
(1967).

The specific policies and the politics of Pelham and Newcastle are treated in detail in John B. Owen,
The Rise of the Pelhams
(1957); John W. Wilkes,
A Whig in Power: The Political Career of Henry Pelham
(1964); Roy A. Kelch,
Newcastle, A Duke Without Money: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1693–1768
(1974); and Stanley N. Katz,
Newcastle’s New York: Anglo-American Politics, 1732–1753
(1968). “Salutary neglect” is treated, although in a hostile fashion, in
James A. Henretta,
“Salutary Neglect”: Colonial Administration Under the Duke of Newcastle
(1972). On the ideological influences behind salutary neglect, also see Herbert Butterfield, “Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III’s Reign,”
Journal of British Studies
(May 1965). On the fall of Newcastle and the rise of the Marquis of Rockingham as the leader of the Newcastle Whigs, Ross J. S. Hoffman,
The Marquis: A Study of Lord Rockingham, 1730–1782
(1973), is definitive, but assumes considerable knowledge of British politics of the period. George Rudé,
Wilkes and Liberty
(1962), is excellent on John Wilkes and the Wilkite movement.

The rise of the new generation of English politicians in opposition to the Walpole-Pelham system of salutary neglect is detailed in Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier,
England in the Age of the American Revolution
(2d ed., 1961); and Namier and John Brooke,
Charles Townshend
(1964). The emergence of the Grenville clan in opposition to the Pelhamite policies of peace and laissez-faire is presented in the discussion of William Pitt and his brothers-in-law, Earl Temple and George Grenville, by Lewis M. Wiggin,
The Faction of Cousins: A Political Account of the Grenvilles, 1773–1763
(1958); see also Erich Eyck,
Pitt vs. Fox
(1950), and especially Owen A. Sherrard,
Lord Chatham: Pitt and the Seven Years’ War
(1955). Pitt’s (Chatham’s) ideology and personality are discussed in John C. Long,
Mr. Pitt and America’s Birthright
(1940), and J. H. Plumb,
Chatham
(1965).

A brief discussion of the Anglo-French rivalry in this era is in Walter L. Dorn,
Competition for Empire, 1740–1763
(1940), and a brief overall survey of the wars in America in Howard H. Peckham,
Colonial Wars, 1689–1762
(1964). On the War of Jenkins’ Ear, see Richard Pares,
War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763
(1936). The best history of the French and Indian War is Edward Pierce Hamilton,
The French and Indian Wars: Battles and Forts in the Wilderness
(1962). On the conquest of New France, see George M. Wrong,
The Rise and Fall of New France
(2 vols., 1928), for the history of New France, and Wrong,
The Conquest of New France
(1918), on the conquest by the British. The long-time consequences of British conquest are discussed by John C. Rule, “The Old Regime in America: A Review of Recent Interpretations of France in America.”
William and Mary Quarterly
(October 1962).

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Z

Abercromby, James,
247

abolition.
See
slavery
, abolition of

Acadians,
238–244
,
265

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748),
218
,
223
,
226

Albany Convention Treaty (1754),
247

Albany Plan,
233–234

Alexander, James,
47
,
50
,
147
,
148
,
151

Allen, James,
223

Allen, William,
67
,
68
,
70
,
225

Ambruster, Anthony,
153

American Philosophical Society,
67

American Weekly Mercury,
151–152

Amherst, Jeffrey,
247
,
248
,
249
,
253
,
259

Andros tyranny,
21
,
130

Anglican church,
76
,
118
,
156
,
157
,
162
,
165
,
166
,
181
,
182
,
184

Anglicans,
25
,
40
,
58
,
60
,
111
,
146
,
152
,
161
,
166
,
170
,
183

Arminianism,
158
,
159
,
164
,
165
,
170–171

Arminius, Jacob,
158

Armstrong, Laurence,
239–240

articles of association (S.C.),
103

Asheton, Robert,
155

Ashfield, Richard,
48

Atherton Company,
35

Backus, Isaac,
169

Bacon’s Rebellion,
187

Bainbridge, Edmund,
49

Bainbridge, John, Jr.,
49
,
51

Baldwin, Nehemiah,
48

Baldwin, Samuel,
48

Baltimore, Lord,
83

banking:

commercial,
124
;

deposit,
124
;

government,
124
;

merchant,
124

banks:

fund,
129
;

land,
129
,
130
,
132
,
133
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
138
,
139
,
140
;

loan,
129
,
133
,
134
,
138
;

silver,
136

Banyar, Goldsbrow,
41

Baptists,
21
,
25
,
26
,
154
,
164–165
,
166
,
168
;

General,
164–165
;

Particular,
165
;

Regular,
165
;

Separate,
165
,
168–169

Barnwell, John,
89–90

Bayard, William,
251

Beckford, William,
217
,
256
,
258
,
262

Bedford, Duke of,
51
,
219
,
224
,
226
,
227
,
230
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
259
,
261
,
262

Belcher, Jonathan,
32
,
50
,
51
,
52
,
133
,
135
,
136
,
210
,
211
,
243

Belcher, Jonathan, Jr.,
242
,
244

Bellomont, Lord,
22
,
27

Benezet, Anthony,
177

Bernard, Francis,
250

Beverly, William,
78
,
228

Blackwell, John,
130

Bladen, Martin,
208

Blake, Daniel,
212

Blake family,
105
,
106

Blathwayt, William,
76–77

Bloody Marsh, Battle of,
117

Blunt, Tom,
89
,
90

Board of Proprietors (S.C.),
102

Board of Trade (British),
51
,
52
,
70
,
87
,
104
,
105
,
106
,
206
,
207
,
208
,
210
,
212
,
223
,
224
,
227
,
234
,
238
,
239
,
241

Bollan, Thomas,
151

Bollan, William,
219
,
220

Bond, Phineas,
153

bondservants.
See
indentured servants

Boone, Thomas,
119

Boston Evening Post,
146