Computing with Quantum Cats (36 page)

intuition,
88

ion trap,
217
–
20
,
227
,
230
,
252
–
4

ions,
217

Jauch, Josef-Maria,
155
,
156

Jehle, Herbert,
118

Josephson, Brian,
230
–
4

Josephson: devices,
234
–
5
,
240
; effect,
230
,
233
–
5
; junctions,
227
,
232
,
233

Kasparov, Gary,
210
–
11

Ketchen, Mark,
241

King's College, Cambridge,
15
,
17
,
22
,
24
,
50

Knill, Emanuel,
268

Kocher, Carl,
164
,
166

Kovesi, Marietta,
57
,
59

Kürschák, Joseph,
55

Laflamme, Raymond,
268

Lagrangian function,
118

Landauer, Rolf,
126
,
127
,
128

Langevin, Paul,
72
,
136

Leggett, Tony,
235
–
9

Lerner, Lawrence,
76

light: direction of travel,
114
–
15
; as wave,
178
–
9
;
see also
photons

linear optical computing,
263

Lloyd, Seth,
178

Los Alamos,
61
–
3
,
78
,
79
,
103
–
4
,
115
,
146

Lüders, Gerhard,
153

Lyttleton, Raymond,
22

McCarthy, John,
88

McCarthy, Senator Joseph,
148

Mach-Zehnder interferometer,
194
,
195

MacPhail, Malcolm,
24

Madhava of Sangamagrama,
13

magnetic tape and discs,
90

magnetism,
250

“majority voting” system,
83
–
4

Manchester Baby,
49
,
77
,
91

Manchester University,
47
,
49

Manchester University Mark I computer,
49

Mandl, Franz,
154

Manhattan Project,
61
–
5
,
78
,
146
,
148

Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI): Bell's work,
158
,
174
,
186
; Deutsch's work,
191
–
2
; Everett's work,
184
,
186
,
189
,
191
–
2
; Schrödinger's contribution,
189
; wave function,
183

Maryland, University of,
69
,
256

Mauchly, John,
74
–
5
,
79
,
81

Maxwell, James Clerk,
116
–
17
,
120

measurement problem,
142
–
3
,
183
,
186
,
187
–
9
,
222

Melbourne, University of,
223
,
245

memory: computer,
42
,
46
,
70
,
79
–
80
; quantum computer,
208
,
246
; RAM,
49
,
73
; quantum unit,
192
; solid state devices,
90
; storage,
93

Merkle, Ralph,
204

Mermin, David,
157
,
158
–
9

Michigan, University of,
254
,
256

Mind-Matter Unification Project,
231

mirrors, half-silvered,
193
–
6
,
198
,
201
,
255

MIT: Feynman's career,
99
,
100
–
2
,
115
,
132
,
178
; Fredkin's career,
130
,
131
; Haroche's career,
260
; public key system,
204
; Shannon's career,
125
; Shimony's career,
162

Monroe, Christopher,
220
,
254

Moore, Gordon,
90

Moore School, University of Maryland,
69
,
74
–
5
,
78
,
79
,
80
,
81

Moore's Law,
90
–
1
,
92
,
93

Morcom, Christopher,
14
–
15

morphogenesis,
50
–
1

Morse code,
26
,
35

multiplexing,
84

Multiverse,
4
,
196
,
197
,
199
–
201
,
208
,
223

musical notes, computer programming,
50

Nagasaki bomb,
63

nanotechnology,
94

National Defense Research Council (NDRC),
61

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
220
–
1
,
252

National Physical Laboratory (NPL),
46
,
48
,
50

Neddermeyer, Seth,
62

Neumann, Michael,
54

neutrons,
249
–
50

New South Wales, University of,
245

Newman, Max,
18
,
21
,
38
,
40
,
41
,
49

Newton's laws,
124
,
125

nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers,
248
–
9

NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance),
224
,
227
,
244
,
249
–
52
,
267
,
269
–
70

no-cloning theorem,
222

Nobel Prize: Anderson,
232
–
3
; Bell's nomination,
174
; de Broglie,
136
; Dehmelt,
218
; Einstein,
108
; Feynman,
103
,
113
,
115
,
119
; Haroche,
256
; Josephson,
230
–
2
; Leggett,
235
,
238
; Townes,
166
; Wineland,
252

Noether, Emmy,
140

non-locality: Aspect's work,
173
; author's view,
189
; Bell's work,
156
,
159
–
60
; de Broglie's work,
145
; experiment with two holes,
109
–
10
,
122
; feature of the Universe,
173
; Schrödinger's cat,
122

NOT operation,
214
–
15

NP-complete problems,
212
–
13
,
214

O'Brien, Jeremy,
263

Official Secrets Act,
31

Olympic Games (1948),
47
–
8

Omni
,
157

Onnes, Kamerlingh,
232

Oppenheimer, Robert,
145
–
6

optical cooling,
217

P problems,
212
,
213

Pan Jianwei,
259

parallel worlds,
187
–
8
,
193
,
197
,
198
,
200

Paris-South, University of,
171

path integral approach,
103
,
111
–
12
,
113
,
119

Paul, Wolfgang,
219

Pauli, Wolfgang,
138
,
142
,
149

Peierls, Rudolf,
152
,
153

Penning, Frans Michel,
218

Penrose, Oliver,
129

Phillips, James,
233

phosphorus atoms,
246
–
7

photolithography,
219

photons: Aspect's work,
171
–
2
,
173
; CHSH paper,
166
; Clauser's work,
169
; de Broglie's work,
136
; detection of,
179
; digitization,
176
–
7
; discord,
269
; energy of,
177
; entanglement,
163
,
256
–
7
,
259
; EPR experiment,
202
; experiment with two holes,
108
–
9
; Feynman's work,
118
; gamma rays,
163
; Horne's work,
164
; ion traps,
254
–
5
; Kocher and Commins's
work,
164
; Mach-Zehnder interferometer,
194
–
6
; manipulation,
1
,
93
,
262
; polarization of,
166
,
167
,
168
–
9
,
171
–
2
; quantum computing,
93
; quantum dots,
227
; quantum photonics,
262
–
6
; spin state,
249
; SQUIDs,
240
–
1
; in superposition,
261
–
2
; teleportation,
256
–
9
,
263
; trapped,
260
–
1

Physical Review
,
148
,
149

Physical Review Letters
,
167

Physics
,
161

Physics Letters
,
234

Physics Today
,
233

Pilot Ace,
48

pilot wave,
137
–
8
,
142
,
148
,
149
,
154

Pipkin, Frank,
165

Planck, Max,
177

Planck length,
177

Planck's constant,
177

Podolsky, Boris,
143
,
146

Post Office,
39
,
45

Princeton Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS): computer development,
83
; Einstein's career,
58
–
9
,
143
; foundation,
57
–
8
,
68
; Turing's career,
24
; von Neumann's career,
57
,
59
,
60
,
68
,
81
,
83

Princeton University: Bohm's career,
146
,
148
–
9
; Everett's career,
185
,
192
; Feynman's career,
102
–
3
,
116
; Office of Population Research,
60
; Proctor Fellowships,
21
–
2
; quantum dots,
242
,
245
; Shimony's career,
162
; Turing's career,
18
,
21
–
4
,
34
; Veblen's career,
68
; von Neumann's career,
56
–
7
,
79
,
84

probability: Copenhagen Interpretation,
106
–
7
,
139
; EPR paper on,
144
; experiment with half-silvered mirrors,
195
,
198
,
201
; experiment with two holes,
110
–
12
,
198
,
201
; Feynman on,
118
,
132
; in fungible universes,
201
; in parallel universes,
200
; quantum computation,
215
,
223
,
241
,
262
–
3
; Schrödinger on,
188
; von Neumann on,
85

protons,
249
–
50

Pryce, Maurice,
15

punched cards,
64
,
65
–
9
,
78
,
90

quantization,
176
–
7

quantum codes,
213
,
222

quantum computation: Bell's inequality,
133
; Bell's theorem,
174
; CNOT gate,
215
,
216
–
17
,
220
–
1
,
262
; codebreaking,
203
; Deutsch's work,
175
,
190
; entanglement,
138
,
174
; error correction,
223
; gateway to,
122
–
8
; hidden variables theory,
138
; limits of,
210
–
14
; manipulating quantum entities in two states at the same time,
1
; Multiverse,
200
; NMR,
249
–
52
; problems,
222
; QIP,
262
; quantum reality,
121
–
2

quantum computers: already built,
223
–
5
,
267
–
8
; chess-playing,
211
; codebreaking,
1
,
205
–
6
,
209
,
213
,
266
; computing power,
4
,
214
; Deutsch's work,
192
–
3
,
196
–
7
,
200
–
2
,
206
,
208
; development of,
173
; Feynman's work,
133
–
4
; future of,
225
,
226
,
241
,
245
,
252
–
3
; Grover's algorithm,
209
–
10
,
211
; key criteria,
227
–
30
,
240
; limitations,
203
,
210
–
14
; logic gates,
214
–
16
,
226
; Multiverse and,
200
–
2
,
208
; non-locality,
110
; nuclear spin,
246
,
247
; problems in building,
201
,
202
,
212
,
214
; quantum dots,
242
–
3
; quantum photonics,
263
–
6
; quantum switches,
3
,
216
; qubits,
3
–
4
,
202
,
222
–
3
,
226
; RSA algorithm,
205
–
6
; Shor's algorithm,
206
–
8
,
223
; simulation,
132
,
178
,
179
–
80
,
196
–
7
,
210
; size,
253
; SQUIDs,
230
,
239
–
40
; teleportation,
258
,
263
; trapped ion technique,
219
–
20
,
253
–
4
,
263
; uses of,
1
–
2