Complete Works of Lewis Carroll (168 page)
Read Complete Works of Lewis Carroll Online
Authors: Lewis Carroll
All
x
are
y
.
28.
All
x
are
m
;
No
y
′
are
m
′
.
All
x
are
y
.
29.
No
x
′
are
m
;
No
m
′
are
y
′
.
No
x
′
are
y
′
.
30.
All
x
are
m
;
All
m
are
y
′
.
All
x
are
y
′
.
31.
All
x
′
are
m
′
;
No
y
′
are
m
′
.
All
x
′
are
y
.
32.
No
x
are
m
;
No
y
′
are
m
′
.
No
x
are
y
′
.
33.
All
m
are
x
′
;
All
y
′
are
m
.
All
y
′
are
x
′
.
34.
All
x
are
m
′
;
Some
y
are
m
′
.
Some
y
are
x
.
35.
Some
x
are
m
;
All
m
are
y
.
Some
x
are
y
.
36.
All
m
are
x
′
;
All
y
are
m
.
All
y
are
x
′
.
37.
No
m
are
x
′
;
All
m
are
y
′
.
Some
x
are
y
′
.
38.
No
x
are
m
;
No
m
are
y
′
.
No
x
are
y
′
.
39.
No
m
are
x
;
Some
m
are
y
′
.
Some
x
′
are
y
′
.
40.
No
m
are
x
′
;
Some
y
are
m
.
Some
x
are
y
.
EX7§ 7.
Trios of Concrete Propositions, proposed as Syllogisms: to be examined.
1.
No doctors are enthusiastic;
You are enthusiastic.
You are not a doctor.
2.
Dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.
3.
No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.
4.
Some epicures are ungenerous;
All my uncles are generous.
My uncles are not epicures.
5.
Gold is heavy;
Nothing but gold will silence him.
Nothing light will silence him.
6.
Some healthy people are fat;
No unhealthy people are strong.
Some fat people are not strong.
7.
“I saw it in a newspaper.”
“All newspapers tell lies.”
It was a lie.
8.
Some cravats are not artistic;
I admire anything artistic.
There are some cravats that I do not admire.
9.
His songs never last an hour;
A song, that lasts an hour, is tedious.
His songs are never tedious.
10.
Some candles give very little light;
Candles are
meant
to give light.
Some things, that are meant to give light, give very little.
11.
All, who are anxious to learn, work hard;
Some of these boys work hard.
Some of these boys are anxious to learn.
12.
All lions are fierce;
Some lions do not drink coffee.
Some creatures that drink coffee are not fierce.
13.
No misers are generous;
Some old men are ungenerous.
Some old men are misers.
14.
No fossil can be crossed in love;
An oyster may be crossed in love.
Oysters are not fossils.
15.
All uneducated people are shallow;
Students are all educated.
No students are shallow.
16.
All young lambs jump;
No young animals are healthy, unless they jump.
All young lambs are healthy.
17.
Ill-managed business is unprofitable;
Railways are never ill-managed.
All railways are profitable.
18.
No Professors are ignorant;
All ignorant people are vain.
No professors are vain.
19.
A prudent man shuns hyænas;
No banker is imprudent.
No banker fails to shun hyænas.
20.
All wasps are unfriendly;
No puppies are unfriendly.
Puppies are not wasps.
21.
No Jews are honest;
Some Gentiles are rich.
Some rich people are dishonest.
22.
No idlers win fame;
Some painters are not idle.
Some painters win fame.
23.
No monkeys are soldiers;
All monkeys are mischievous.
Some mischievous creatures are not soldiers.
24.
All these bonbons are chocolate-creams;
All these bonbons are delicious.
Chocolate-creams are delicious.
25.
No muffins are wholesome;
All buns are unwholesome.
Buns are not muffins.
26.
Some unauthorised reports are false;
All authorised reports are trustworthy.
Some false reports are not trustworthy.
27.
Some pillows are soft;
No pokers are soft.
Some pokers are not pillows.
28.
Improbable stories are not easily believed;
None of his stories are probable.
None of his stories are easily believed.
29.
No thieves are honest;
Some dishonest people are found out.
Some thieves are found out.
30.
No muffins are wholesome;
All puffy food is unwholesome.
All muffins are puffy.
31.
No birds, except peacocks, are proud of their tails;
Some birds, that are proud of their tails, cannot sing.
Some peacocks cannot sing.
32.
Warmth relieves pain;
Nothing, that does not relieve pain, is useful in toothache.
Warmth is useful in toothache.
33.
No bankrupts are rich;
Some merchants are not bankrupts.
Some merchants are rich.
34.
Bores are dreaded;
No bore is ever begged to prolong his visit.
No one, who is dreaded, is ever begged to prolong his visit.
35.
All wise men walk on their feet;
All unwise men walk on their hands.
No man walks on both.
36.
No wheelbarrows are comfortable;
No uncomfortable vehicles are popular.
No wheelbarrows are popular.
37.
No frogs are poetical;
Some ducks are unpoetical.
Some ducks are not frogs.
38.
No emperors are dentists;
All dentists are dreaded by children.
No emperors are dreaded by children.
39.
Sugar is sweet;
Salt is not sweet.
Salt is not sugar.
40.
Every eagle can fly;
Some pigs cannot fly.
Some pigs are not eagles.
EX8§ 8.
Sets of Abstract Propositions, proposed as Premisses for Soriteses: Conclusions to be found.
[N.B.
At the end of this Section instructions are given for varying these Examples.]
1.
1.
No
c
are
d
;
2.
All
a
are
d
;
3.
All
b
are
c
.
2.
1.
All
d
are
b
;
2.
No
a
are
c
′
;
3.
No
b
are
c
.
3.
1.
No
b
are
a
;
2.
No
c
are
d
′
;
3.
All
d
are
b
.
4.
1.
No
b
are
c
;
2.
All
a
are
b
;
3.
No
c
′
are
d
.
5.
1.
All
b
′
are
a
′
;
2.
No
b
are
c
;
3.
No
a
′
are
d
.
6.
1.
All
a
are
b
′
;
2.
No
b
′
are
c
;
3.
All
d
are
a
.
7.
1.
No
d
are
b
′
;
2.
All
b
are
a
;
3.
No
c
are
d
′
.
8.
1.
No
b
′
are
d
;
2.
No
a
′
are
b
;
3.
All
c
are
d
.
9.
1.
All
b
′
are
a
;
2.
No
a
are
d
;
3.
All
b
are
c
.
10.
1.
No
c
are
d
;
2.
All
b
are
c
;
3.
No
a
are
d
′
.
