Colour Bar (55 page)

25.
Sunday Dispatch
, 2 April 1950.

26.
ibid.

27.
John and Esme Goode to author, 29 March 2004.

28.
Dubbeld,
Seretse Khama
, p. 7.

29.
S. V. Lawrenson to Nettelton, 16 November 1948, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

30.
Wylie,
A Little God
, p. 201.

31.
Note of meeting at Serowe, 16 August 1951, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1315.

32.
Baboni, Mmakgama, Oratile and Milly to Earl of Athlone, 21 July 1926, reproduced in Daymond et al. (eds),
Women Writing Africa
, p. 181.

33.
Oratile to Resident Magistrate, 31 September 1929, reproduced in ibid., p. 185.

34.
Baboni, Mmakgama, Oratile and Milly to Earl of Athlone, 21 July 1926, reproduced in ibid., p. 181.

35.
Oratile to Administration, 26 September 1926, reproduced in ibid., p. 184.

36.
Baring to CRO, 14 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

37.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 12.

38.
Chas. Olley to Huggins, 20 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

39.
Huggins to Baring, 22 July 1949, ibid.

40.
Sillery to Provincial Commissioner, Livingstone, 4 August 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

41.
Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, p. 114.

42.
Muriel Sanderson to author, 10 November 2004.

43.
Saga Magazine
, June 1991.

44.
Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 19 September 1949, Khama Family Papers.

45.
Photograph in
Naledi ya Batswana
, 3 September 1949.

1.
W. A. W. Clark to Cecil Syers, 28 June 1949, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

2.
Forsyth to Egeland, 29 June 1949, NASA, BLO 84, PS 2/5.

3.
Noel-Baker to Baring, 2 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

4.
Egeland to Forsyth, 30 June 1949, NASA, BLO 84, PS 2/5.

5.
Noel-Baker to Baring, 2 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

6.
Sillery to Baring, 5 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1282.

7.
Baring to Gerald Nettelton, 3 November 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

8.
Handwritten note by Sillery, 7 July 1949, on typed minutes by V. Ellenberger, 5 July 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/1.

9.
Liesching to Baring, 8 July 1949; draft initialled by Syers, 6 July 1949, and by Noel-Baker, 7 July 1949; TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

10.
‘A Public Declaration made by Kgosi Regent Tshekedi Khama and the undersigned Headmen of the Tribe on the crisis that has arisen from the marriage of Seretse Khama to Ruth Williams' [1949], LHASC, Bechuanaland: General Correspondence and Documents.

11.
D. Buchanan to J. Buchanan, 14 July 1949, SOAS, LMS CWM, AF/37.

12.
Baring to Noel-Baker, 9 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

13.
Baring to Liesching, 11 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1283.

14.
ibid.

15.
Berridge,
South Africa, the Colonial Powers and ‘African Defence'
, pp. 24–5.

16.
Michael Dutfield's book,
A Marriage of Inconvenience. The Persecution of Seretse and Ruth Khama
(1990), argues that the supply of uranium was key to the British Government's decision to exile the Khamas – that it gave South Africa overwhelming and compelling leverage over the British Government. No doubt uranium was part of the overall picture, given the tensions of the developing Cold War. However, on the basis of careful scrutiny of the evidence that is now available, it is clear that the British Government would have taken exactly the same measures against Seretse, even if uranium had not played any role in relations between South Africa and Britain. The uranium theory has the attraction of being a ‘smoking gun' and also diminishes the role of racist attitudes among British officials, but it is speculative and not proven. The racist attitudes behind the decision of exile, however, are fully documented in the evidence that is available.

17.
Huggins to Baring, 7 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4115.

18.
Debate of Legislative Assembly, Southern Rhodesia, 7 July 1949, BNARS, S 599/11.

19.
African Tribal Affairs Committee, 17 July 1949; TNA:PRO, DO 119/1280.

20.
Kaunda,
Zambia Shall Be Free
, p. 34.

21.
G. W. R. Lange, MP for Nkana, reported in
Bulawayo Chronicle
, 8 July 1949.

22.
Baring to Noel-Baker, 11 July 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/3.

23.
‘Stimson of BBC', [n.d., 1950?], Truman Library, Sweeney Papers, Box 2, File: Bamangwato Tribal Dispute.

24.
Baring to Liesching, 11 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1283.

25.
Baring to Liesching, 12 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

26.
Minute by Liesching, 14 July 1949, ibid.

27.
Minute by Gordon Walker, 15 July 1949, ibid.

28.
Noel-Baker to Creech Jones, 16 July 1949, TNA:PRO, CO 537/4714.

29.
Noel-Baker to Baring, not sent [July 1950], TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

30.
Minute by Noel-Baker to Liesching, 7 July 1949, ibid.

31.
Natal Mercury
, 23 July 1954.

32.
Garner,
The Commonwealth Office
, p. 292.

33.
Minute signed D. A., 12 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

34.
Memorandum to Cabinet by Noel-Baker, 20 July 1949, TNA:PRO, PREM 8/1308, Part 1.

35.
Noel-Baker to Baring (draft), attached to Memorandum to Cabinet by Noel-Baker, 20 July 1949, ibid.

36.
Cabinet Conclusions, 21 July 1949, TNA:PRO, CAB 128.

37.
Liesching to Baring, 21 July 1949, DUL, GRE/1/13/19.

38.
Natal Witness
, 2 July 1949.

39.
Cape Times
, 9 July 1949.

40.
Star
, 8 July 1949.

41.
Phethu Kgari to Sullivan, n.d., attached with letter from Sullivan to Nettelton, 5 August 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

42.
Private Secretary to Commonwealth Secretary, to Private Secretary to High Commissioner for South Africa, with text of proposed announcement, 29 July 1949, NASA, PS 2/5.

43.
Huggins to Clark, 29 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

44.
Baring to Cecil Syers, 16 September 1949, ibid.

45.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, p. 55.

1.
Naledi ya Batswana
, 3 September 1949.

2.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

3.
Sandy Grant to author, 11 November 2004.

4.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 11.

5.
Anthony Sillery, ‘Working Backwards', n.d., BLCAS, Mss Afr r. 207.

6.
Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, p. 117.

7.
Ebony
, June 1951.

8.
Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, p. 115.

9.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

10.
Saga Magazine
, June 1991.

11.
ibid.

12.
A. E. Seager to R. K. Orchard, 29 August 1949, SOAS, CWM/LMS, AF/37.

13.
Saga Magazine
, June 1991.

14.
Ebony
, June 1951.

15.
‘Memorandum to Mr Paver', n.d. [1949], TNA:PRO, DO 119/1282.

16.
Sillery to Baring, 13 September 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

17.
Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 19 September 1949, Khama Family Papers.

18.
Margaret Bourke-White to Bill, n.d., SUL (US), MB-W, Box 25.

19.
Sunday Express
, April 1950.

20.
Quoted in Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, pp. 118–19.

21.
Life
, 6 March 1950.

22.
Cape Times
, 8 July 1949.

23.
Life
, 6 March 1950.

24.
M. Malau to
Naledi ya Batswana
, 27 August 1949.

25.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 63.

26.
Ruth Khama, ‘My Baby – and the Future',
Sunday Express
, April 1950.

27.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

28.
Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 31 January 1950, Khama Family Papers.

29.
Daily Mail
, February 1950.

30.
Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen', unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W Papers.

31.
Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 19 September 1949, Khama Family Papers.

32.
Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen', unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W Papers.

33.
Daily Mail
, 10 October 1956.

34.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, pp. 64–5.

35.
Constantine,
Colour Bar
, p. 183.

36.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, pp. 15–6.

37.
ibid., pp. 63–4.

38.
Baring to Gordon Walker, 15 March 1950, TNA:PRO, CO 537/5928.

39.
Alan Bradshaw to Hope Lovell, 1 April 1950, BNARS, MSS.6/5.

40.
Doris Bradshaw to Kit and Harry, 3 July 1950, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1297.

41.
Sillery to Baring, 13 September 1949, BNARS, S 170/3/1.

42.
Sillery to Baring, 13 September 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

43.
Sunday Express
, April 1950.

44.
Baring to Cecil Syers, 16 September 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

45.
Colin Legum, ‘Tshekedi's desert refuge', 15 August 1951, BLCAS, Mss Afr s 1681.

46.
Gabolebye Dinti Marobele to Head, in Head,
Serowe
, p. 98.

47.
Monks,
Eyewitness
, p. 267.

48.
Quoted by Monsarrat to Clark, 17 April 1950, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1293.

49.
Picture Post
, 29 April 1950.

50.
Ruth Khama to Margaret Bourke-White, 10 January 1950, SUL (US), MB-W, Box 25.

51.
‘Bourke-White', n.d., ibid.

52.
Margaret Bourke-White to Bill, n.d., ibid.

53.
Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen', unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W Papers.

54.
Margaret Bourke-White to Bill, n.d., SUL (US), MB-W, Box 25.

55.
ibid.

56.
ibid.

57.
Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen', unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W Papers.

58.
Quoted in
The Recorder
, 3 September 1949.

59.
H. Lewis to Commonwealth Relations Office, 17 April 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4145.

60.
Secretary, Dutch Reformed Church of Natal, to Baring, 1 September 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1280.

61.
Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, p. 120.

62.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

63.
Naledi Khama to author, 13 November 2004.

64.
Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 31 January 1950, Khama Family Papers.

65.
Life
, 28 April 1950.

66.
Margaret Bourke-White to Bill, n.d., SUL (US), MB-W, Box 25.

1.
Today
, 12 March 1960; Harragin Report, 1 December 1949, TNA:PRO, PREM 8/1308, Part 1.

2.
Monks,
Eyewitness
, p. 276.

3.
Harragin to Clark, 15 August 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

4.
Harragin to Holmes, 20 October 1949, BNARS, S 599/13.

5.
See picture of Fraenkel in
Leader Magazine
, 11 March 1950.

6.
Statement by Hudson, 19 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

7.
Monks,
Eyewitness
, p. 303.

8.
Baring to Sillery, 9 August 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

9.
Sillery, ‘Working Backwards', n.d., BLCAS, Mss Afr r 207.

10.
Clark to Chief Secretary, 29 September 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1285; emphasis added.

11.
Baring to Sillery, 4 October 1949, ibid.; emphasis added.

12.
Sillery to Baring, 18 October 1949, ibid.

13.
Baring to Sillery, 21 October 1949, ibid.

14.
Winship to Secretary of State, 1 November 1949, NARA, RG 59, Decimal Files (1945–9), Box 6192.

15.
Star
, 26 October 1949.

16.
Speeches transcribed in document sent from Secretary for External Affairs, Cape Town, to Egeland, 27 March 1950, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4115.

17.
Egeland to Forsyth, 13 October 1949, NASA, BLO 84, PS 2/5.

18.
Attlee to Malan, 2 November 1949, TNA:PRO, PREM 11/1183.

19.
Daily Mirror
, 2 November 1949.

20.
Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO, [November 1949], vols 1–14, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123. All subsequent references to – and quotations from – the Inquiry draw on this source.

21.
Haile to Orchard, 3 November 1949, SOAS, LMS, AF/38.

22.
‘Protest' to Baring, Serowe, 2 November 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1286.

23.
Mandela,
Long Walk to Freedom
, pp. 154–5.

24.
Sisulu,
Walter and Albertina Sisulu
, p. 104.

25.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

26.
Dutfield,
A Marriage of Inconvenience
, p. 128.

27.
Robins,
White Queen in Africa
, p. 41.