Climbing Up to Glory (36 page)

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2857.

Marli F. Weiner,
Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina,
1830-80 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 165.

Johnson,
Black Savannah,
161.

Rollins, “Black Southerners in Gray,” 7; Hollandsworth,
The Louisiana Native Guards,
4-6; Jenkins,
Seizing the New
Day, 23.

Rollins, “Black Southerners in Gray,” 8-9.

Robert F. Durden, “Georgia's Blacks and Their Masters in the Civil War,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly
69, no. 3 (Fall 1985): 358.

Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley,
A History of African Americans in North Carolina
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 1992), 74.

Yacovone, ed.,
A Voice of Thunder,
138.

Berlin et al., eds.,
Free at Last,
5.

Ibid., 132-33.

James M. McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 162.

James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 835.

Ibid.

Ibid., 836; Berlin et al., eds.,
Free at Last,
164-65.

McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
836-37; McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades,
171; Robert F. Durden,
The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 289.

Rollins, “Black Southerners in Gray,” 26-27.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
248.

Ibid., 248-49; Harding,
There Is a River,
253-54; W. E. B. DuBois, Black
Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1935), 119-20.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
217.

Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
40.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
51.

James Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember, An Oral History
(New York: Avon Books, 1988), 339.

George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 220.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1483.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 551.

Peter Bardaglio, “The Children of Jubilee: African American Childhood in Wartime,” in Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, eds.,
Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 221.

Walter J. Fraser Jr.,
Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), 259.

Harvey Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,”
Journal of Negro History
23, no. 4 (October 1938): 443; Vincent Harding, There
Is a
River:
The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
(New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1981), 229.

Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” 443.

William F. Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,”
Journal of Southern History
41, no. 1 (February 1975): 21.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” 443-44.

Messner, “Black Violence and White Response,” 22-23.

Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” 444.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Texas Narratives, Part 9, 4140.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 69.

B. A. Botkin, ed.,
Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery
(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1945), 233.

Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath
of Slavery (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 181.

Ibid.

Joel Williamson,
After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877
(Hanover, NH, and London: University Press of New England, 1990), 33-34.

Ibid., 34.

Gary B. Nash,
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society,
2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 1:543.

Ibid.

C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865-1866
(By Whitelaw Reid) (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 389.

Paul S. Boyer,
The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People,
2 vols. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1993), 1:515.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1601.

Arnold H. Taylor,
Travail and Triumph: Black Life and Culture in the South since the Civil War
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 4.

James West Davidson,
Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic,
2 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990), 1:621, 624.

Ibid., 624; John Mack Faragher,
Out of Many: A History of the American People,
2 vols. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), 1:523.

James Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember, An Oral History
(New York: Avon Books, 1988), 349-50.

Ibid., 347-48.

Williamson,
After Slavery,
37.

Boyer,
The Enduring Vision,
1:531.

Nash,
The American People,
1:544.

Ibid., 545.

Ibid.

Jacqueline Jones,
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, From Slavery to the Present
(New York: Vintage Books, 1985), 69.

Ibid., 69.

Ibid., 68.

Ibid., 69; Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 42.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
47, 49-50; Peter J. Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1890
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 14-15; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 81.

William A. Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day: Slavery and Servitude in Savannah, 1733-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1979), 337; John W. Blassingame, ”Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black Community in Savannah, Georgia, 1865-1880,“ in Donald G. Nieman, ed.,
Church and Community among Black Southerners, 1865-1900
(New York and London: Garland, 1994), 464-65.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
50.

Bert James Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin, eds.,
Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American Life: Their Words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976), 70; Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984), 245, 248-51; Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), 128-29; Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 200-204.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3,1270.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters,
245-48, 403.

Ibid., 255.

Ibid., 405.

Ibid.

Penelope Majeske, ”Your Obedient Servant: The United States Army in Virginia during Reconstruction, 1865-1867” (Ph.D. diss., Wayne State University 1980), 34, 35, 40, 41, 42.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
50-51.

Armstead L. Robinson, “Plans Dat Comed from God: Institution Building and the Emergence of Black Leadership in Reconstruction Memphis,” in Donald G. Nieman, ed.,
Church and Community among Black Southerners, 1865-1900
(New York and London: Garland, 1994), 93; John W. Blassingame, “Before the Ghetto,” in Nieman, ed.,
Church and Community, 1-
2; Jonathan Woolard McLeod, “Black and White Workers: Atlanta during Reconstruction” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, 1987), 13; Colin A. Palmer,
Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America,
2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 2:14; Boyer,
The Enduring Vision,
1:531; Foner,
Reconstruction,
81-82; Howard N. Rabinowitz, “A Comparative Perspective on Race Relations in Southern and Northern Cities,1860-1900, with Special Emphasis on Raleigh,” in Jeffrey J. Crow and Flora J. Hatley, eds.,
Black Americans in North Carolina and the South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 138-39.

Palmer,
Passageways,
2:14-15.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days,
346, 376-77.

Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day,” 340.

Ibid., 340-41.

Genevieve S. Gray, ed.,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
(By Colonel Thomas W. Higginson) (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1970), 89-90.

Bernard E. Powers,
Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822-1885
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994), 103.

Ibid., 104.

Ibid., 103.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
321, 325.

Byrne, “The Burden and Heat of the Day,” 335.

Ibid.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
31.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
329.

Ibid. Author's emphasis.

Ibid.

R. J. M. Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester: Black Civil War Correspondent, His Dispatches from the Virginia Front
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 289, 290.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
331; Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia: Compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia
(New York: Hastings House, 1940), 201.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester
, 290.

Edwin S. Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 175.

Ibid., 175-76; Litwack,
Been in the Storm
So Long, 169; Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester
, 293.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
294.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 139.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
294-97; Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
333-35; Hampton Institute,
The Negro in
Virginia, 213.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
335; Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
297.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
332; Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long,
169-70.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester, 304-5.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day,
36, 38, 39; Williamson,
After Slavery,
47-49; Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War, 336-39.

Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long,
170.

Williamson,
After Slavery,
49.

Ibid.

Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long,
177.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
187-88.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1119.

Ibid., Vol. 12, Oklahoma Narratives, 195.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1065.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1223.