Climbing Up to Glory (34 page)

Oates,
With Malice toward None,
405.

Ibid., 405-6.

Waldo E. Martin Jr.,
The Mind of Frederick Douglass
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 266.

McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom,
840-41.

Randall and Current, “Race Relations in the White House,” 152-53.

Ibid., 153.

Martin,
The Mind of Frederick Douglass,
267; Merrill D. Peterson,
Lincoln in American Memory
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 59-60.

John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr.,
From Slavery to Freedom:
A
History of African Americans,
7th rev. ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), 214; Vincent Harding,
There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
(New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1981), 237; Jason H. Silverman, “Mary Ann Shadd and the Search for Equality,” in Leon Litwack and August Meier, eds.,
Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 97; Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984), 256-58.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
214.

Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), 312.

George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 11.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1222.

William S. McFeely,
Sapelo's People: A Long Walk into Freedom
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994), 67.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
214.

Ella Forbes,
But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana, Pennsylvania, Resistance
(Cherry Hill, NJ: Africana Homestead Legacy, 1998), 224-26.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
214; Maulana Karenga,
Introduction to Black Studies
(Los Angeles, CA: University of Sankore Press, 1982), 104.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
214.

Paul S. Boyer,
The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People,
2 vols. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1993), 1:496.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
214-15.

Edwin S. Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 243.

Noah Andre Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th: Letters from the 55th Massachusetts Volunteers, 1861-1865
(Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1996), 62.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
211.

Ibid., 243.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
62.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
249.

Ibid., 260-61.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
73-74.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
262.

Joseph T. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
(New York: Meridian Books, 1990), 114.

Karenga,
Introduction to Black Studies,
104; Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
216.

Virginia M. Adams, ed.,
On the Altar of Freedom: A Black Soldier's Civil War Letters from the Front
(By Corporal James Henry Gooding) (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 66-67.

Jack D. Foner,
Blacks and the Military in American History
(New York: Praeger, 1974), 47-48; Lt. Col. (Ret.) Michael Lee Lanning,
The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell
(Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1997), 55-59; Gary A. Donaldson,
The History of AfricanAmericans in the Military
(Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1991), 42-43; Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
269-71; Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Making of America,
3d rev. ed. (New York: MacMillan, 1987), 121; Mary F. Berry and John W. Blassingame,
Long Memory: The Black Experience in America
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 301.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
215.

Boyer,
The Enduring Vision,
1:497.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
215.

Adams, ed.,
On the Altar of Freedom,
48-49.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
215.

Redkey ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
237.

Ibid.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
83.

Ibid., 86.

Adams, ed.,
On the Altar of Freedom,
83.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
93.

Ibid., 83-84.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
241; Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
43.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
241-42.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
156.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
247.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
156.

Ibid., 154-55.

Adams, ed.,
On the Altar of Freedom,
24.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
217.

Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle,
160.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
217.

Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.,
Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War
(New York: Free Press, 1992), 447.

Ibid., 447-49.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
216.

Dudley T. Cornish,
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1956), 267-69; Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
91.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
91.

Ibid., 59-60.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
44; Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
53; Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans,
45.

Noah Andre Trudeau,
Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862-1865
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1998), 168.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
175.

Jack Hurst,
Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 176,177; Brian S. Wills,
A Battle from the Start: The
Life
of Nathan Bedford Forrest
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 180, 185, 187-96.

Hurst,
Nathan Bedford Forrest,
175; Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
175.

Trudeau, ed.,
Like Men of War,
169.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
176; Trudeau,
Like Men of War,
172.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
176.

Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans,
45.

Colin A. Palmer,
Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America,
2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 1:304-5.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
176.

Gregory J. W. Urwin, “ ‘We Cannot Treat Negroes ... As Prisoners of War': Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in Civil War Arkansas,”
Civil War History
42, no. 3 (1996): 196-97.

Ibid., 197.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
177.

Urwin, “ ‘We Cannot Treat Negroes,' ” 207-8.

Ibid., 208.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men
, 276.

Ibid., 274.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
44; Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
53.

Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom,
216.

Cornish,
The Sable Arm,
178.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
165.

Berlin et al., eds.,
Free at Last,
449-51.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
60.

Genevieve S. Gray, ed.,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
(By Colonel Thomas W. Higginson) (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1970), 29.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
211.

Ibid.

R. J. M. Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester: Black Civil War Correspondent, His Dispatches from the Virginia Front
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 96-97.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War,
211-12.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
118-19; Berlin et al., eds.,
Free at Last,
484-86.

Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle,
115.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
45.

Harding,
There Is a River,
241.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
113-14.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men,
135-36.

Blackett, ed.,
Thomas Morris Chester,
118-19.

Trudeau, ed.,
Voices of the 55th,
116.

Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of
Black Men, 214.

Ibid.

Adams, ed.,
On the Altar of Freedom,
13.

Ibid.