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136
. Alphonse Rabbe,
Résumé de l’histoire de Russie depuis l’établissement de Rourik . . . jusqu’à nos jours
(Paris, 1825), pp. 595–6.

19: ‘The Struggle of Obstinacy’

1
.
Méneval,
Mémoires
, iii. p. 62. For a description of the city see G. Lecointe de Laveau,
Moscou avant et après l’incendie
(Paris, 1814), pp. 1–13.
2
.
Labaume,
Relation circonstanciée
, p. 183.
3
.
Fantin des Odoards,
Journal
, pp. 331–2; Bourgogne,
Mémoires
, p. 13; Faure,
Souvenirs du Nord
, pp. 51–2; Soltyk,
Napoléon en 1812
, pp. 183–6.
4
.
Bourgogne,
Mémoires
, p. 13; Combe,
Mémoires
, pp. 100–1.
5
.
Guillaume Peyrusse,
Lettres inédites du baron Guillaume Peyrusse, écrites à son frère André, pendant les campagnes de l’empire, de 1809 à 1814
(Paris, 1894), p. 100 (22 September 1812).
6
.
Paul Bairoch, ‘Une nouvelle distribution des populations: villes et campagnes’, in Jean-Pierre Bardet et Jacques Dupâquier (eds),
Histoire des populations de l’Europe
, 3 vols (Paris, 1997), ii. p. 211; Alexander M. Martin, ‘Down and Out in 1812: The Impact of the Napoleonic Invasion on Moscow’s Middling Strata’, in Roger Bartlett and Gabriella Lehmann-Carli (eds),
Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy
(Münster, 2008), p. 430.
7
.
Mavor (ed.),
The Grand Tours of Katherine Wilmot
, pp. 145–6; Constantin de Grunwald,
Société
et civilisation russes au XIXe siècle
(Paris, 1975), pp. 41–5; Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 294.
8
.
Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia’, 609.
9
.
Count Ysarn Dunin-Stryzewski to his wife (12 October 1812). Also Prosper to his father-in-law (15 October), in
Lettres interceptées
, pp. 79, 148.
10
.
Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, pp. 469–70.
11
.
On this see Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 210–11.
12
.
A. A. Orlov, ‘Britons in Moscow’,
History Today
, 53/7 (2003), 18–19. The figures are from Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, pp. 473, 474, based on a police report; Nordhof,
Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus
, p. 166 n. 218; Zamoyski,
1812
, p. 576 n. 5.
13
.
Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires
, v. p. 57.
14
.
Ducque,
Journal
, pp. 26–7.
15
.
Bourgogne,
Mémoires
, pp. 13–16.
16
.
Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, p. 479.
17
.
Fantin des Odoards,
Journal
, p. 332.
18
.
Fantin des Odoards,
Journal
, p. 241. See also Labaume,
Relation circonstanciée
, pp. 194, 196, 197; Thirion,
Souvenirs militaires
, pp. 103–4; Duverger,
Mes aventures
, p. 8.
19
.
Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 259; Soltyk,
Napoléon en 1812
, p. 191.
20
.
Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 408. About 260,000 men were still operating in various parts of Russia at this point (Ralph Ashby,
Napoleon against Great Odds: The Emperor and the Defenders of France, 1814
(Santa Barbara, Calif., 2010), pp. 12–13). About 100,000 of those had been left to guard the route to Moscow (Marie-Pierre Rey, ‘De l’uniforme à l’accoutrement: une métaphore de la retraite? Réalité et symbolique du vêtement dans la campagne de Russie de 1812’, in Natalie Petiteau, Jean-Marc Olivier and Sylvie Caucanas (eds),
Les Européens dans les guerre napoléoniennes
(Toulouse, 2012), p. 238).
21
.
Paradis to Bonnegrâce (20 September 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, p. 19.
22
.
Ducque,
Journal
, p. 27.
23
.
Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, p. 476.
24
.
Frédéric List to his wife (22 September 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, p. 26. Most others had suffered the same conditions (R.S. to Mme Lebrun (13 October 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, p. 81).
25
.
Captain Richard to Colonel Borthon (22 September 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, pp. 333–4.
26
.
General Baraguay d’Hilliers to his wife (31 October 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, pp. 343–4.
27
.
Baron Boulart to his wife (1 November 1812), in
Lettres interceptées
, pp. 184–5.
28
.
Germaine de Staël-Holstein,
Dix années d’exil
(Paris, 1904), p. 311; Angelica Goodden,
Madame de Staël: The Dangerous Exile
(Oxford, 2008), pp. 204–16.
29
.
Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, pp. 125–36.
30
.
Nordhof,
Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus
, pp. 113, 118, 133–5, 143–5, 146.
31
.
Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 294.
32
.
For the following, Marina Peltzer, ‘Imagerie populaire et caricature: la graphique politique antinapoléonienne en Russie et ses antécédents pétroviens’,
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
, 48 (1985), 190; and Marina Peltzer, ‘Peasants, Cossacks, “Black Tsar”: Russian Caricatures of Napoleon during the Wars of 1812 to 1814’, in Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (eds),
War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture
(Basingstoke, 2012).
33
.
Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia’, 612.
34
.
Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, p. 128.
35
.
Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, p. 135.
36
.
Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 320.
37
.
Zamoyski,
1812
, p. 294.
38
.
Nordhof,
Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus
, pp. 154–6; Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, pp. 129–30.
39
.
Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 296.
40
.
Cited in Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 296–7.
41
.
Edling,
Mémoires
, pp. 74–6; Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 210.

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